Area: Industry

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193 articles found

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Advanced Analytical Technique

Author: Bhatt, C. R. ; et. al.

Journal: Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy: Advances and Applications (2018)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-849883-5.00012-7

Authors
Ghany, C. T. ; McIntyre, D. L. ; Singh, J. P. ; Yueh, F. Y.

Keywords

INDUCED PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; SPACE EXPLORATION; PLANT MATERIALS; LIBS; SPECTROMETRY; METALS; THICKNESS; QUALITY

Abstract

Area:

Industry

Material:

Nanocarbon

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

N I 742.36 nm N I 744.23 nm N I 746.83 nm N I 821.63 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.19 nm O I 777.42 nm O I 777.54 nm

Lines [nm]:

H I 656.28 nm H I 486.14 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

K I 766.49 nm K I 769.90 nm

Emmision lines:
H I 486.14 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
H I 656.28 nm
N I 742.36 nm
N I 744.23 nm
N I 746.83 nm
K I 766.49 nm
K I 769.90 nm
O I 777.19 nm
O I 777.42 nm
O I 777.54 nm
N I 821.63 nm

In-situ monitoring and characterization of airborne solid particles in the hostile environment of a steel industry using stand-off LIBS

Author: Giron D. ; et. al.

Journal: Measurement (2018)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2017.09.046

Authors
Cabalín, L. M. ; Delgado, T. ; Laserna, J. J. ; Ruiz, J.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Stand-off analysis; Solid aerosol detection; Steelshop atmosphere; Continuous casting line; Sampling rate;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; INTEGRATED IRON; AIR; TEMPERATURE; EMISSIONS; OXIDATION; ALUMINUM; SURFACES; ALLOYS

Abstract

The analytical possibilities of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to carry out in-situ and real-time detection and compositional characterization of aerosols in the atmosphere of a steelmaking factory, have been evaluated. To this aim, a compact and versatile dual-pulse LIBS analyzer, able to sample at distances up to eight meters, has been designed to work in these hostile industrial environments. Due to the discrete nature of the particulate matter, the particle sampling rate was less than 2.5% and 6% for single-and double-pulse regimes, respectively. An efficient statistical procedure, based on the calculation of standard deviations, is used to qualitatively characterize the elemental composition of the aerosol. Then, a conditional analysis based on the limit of detection, is employed to assess the elemental sampling rate. This experimental methodology has been used to evaluate the influence on the aerosol formed of the oxycutting process in a continuous casting machine producing steel slabs, revealing a strong presence of elements derived from the casting powder used in the production. Moreover, chromium, present in the steel cast, is detected in aerosol suspension in the steel shop. An increase in the concentration of particulate matter was expected when oxycutting was on. Single-pulse and dualpulse excitation modes are also evaluated.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Aerosol ; Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca II 393.37 nm Ca II 396.85 nm Ca I 422.67 nm Ca I 616.22 nm Ca I 643.91 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.19 nm O I 777.42 nm O I 777.54 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ti I 453.32 nm Ti I 453.48 nm Ti I 499.95 nm

Lines [nm]:

N I 744.23 nm N I 746.83 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Ca II 393.37 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Ca II 396.85 nm
Ca I 422.67 nm
Ti I 453.32 nm
Ti I 453.48 nm
Ti I 499.95 nm
Cr I 520.84 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
Ca I 616.22 nm
Ca I 643.91 nm
H I 656.28 nm
Li I 670.78 nm
N I 744.23 nm
N I 746.83 nm
K I 766.49 nm
O I 777.19 nm
O I 777.42 nm
O I 777.54 nm

Inhibition of sodium release from Zhundong coal via the addition of mineral additives: A combination of online multi-point LIBS and offline experimental measurements

Author: Liu, Y. ; et. al.

Journal: Fuel (2018)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.081

Authors
Cen, K. F. ; He, Y. ; Lv, Y. ; Wan, K. D. ; Wang, Z. H. ; Xia, J.

Keywords

Zhundong coal; Sodium; Alkali metal; Sorbent additives; LIBS;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; FIXED-BED REACTOR; ATOMIC SODIUM; BROWN-COAL; ALKALI REMOVAL; COMBUSTION; PYROLYSIS; SORBENTS; GASIFICATION; TEMPERATURE

Abstract

The retention performance of 5 different sorbent additives, including 2 pure additives, i.e., silica and alumina, and 3 typical natural mineral additives, i.e., kaolin, mica and pyrophyllite, on the release of sodium during the combustion of Zhundong coal is investigated via a combination of online multi-point Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique and offline measurements including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction, and ash fusion temperatures (AFTs). The online and offline measurement results for the sodium release of Zhundong coal/additives mixtures are compared and verified with each other. Ternary phase diagram simulations are performed to further substantiate the impact of different additives on liquidus temperatures of Zhundong coal ash. All the five sorbent additives show a significant sodium retention effect, while alumina and kaolin are better additives considering the effects on AFTs.

Area:

Environment ; Geology ; Industry

Material:

Alumina ; Coal ; Silica

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Analytical Analysis of Different Karats of Gold Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS) and Laser Ablation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (LA-TOF-MS)

Author: Ahmed, N. ; et. al.

Journal: Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing (2018)

Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s11090-017-9862-2

Authors
Ahmed, R. ; Baig, M. A.

Keywords

LIBS; Karats of gold; Elemental composition; Plasma parameters; LA-TOF-mass spectrometry;ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; INDUCED PLASMA; ALLOYS; TRANSITIONS; LIFETIMES; LITHIUM; SAMPLES; LINES

Abstract

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) coupled with a laser ablation time of flight mass spectrometer (LA-TOF-MS) has been developed for discrimination/analysis of the precious gold alloys cartage. Five gold alloys of Karats 18K, 19K, 20K, 22K and 24K having certified composition of gold as 75, 79, 85, 93 and 99.99% were tested and their precise elemental compositions were determined using the laser produced plasma technique. The plasma was generated by focusing beam of a Nd:YAG laser on the target in air and its time integrated emission spectra were registered in the range 250-870 nm. The calibration free LIBS technique (CF-LIBS) was used for the quantitative determination of the constituent elements present in different Karats of gold. Elemental compositions of these gold alloys were also determined using a Laser Ablation time of flight mass spectrometer (LA-TOF-MS). The LIBS limit of detection was calculated from the calibration curves for copper, silver and gold. Results of CF-LIBS and LA-TOF-MS are in excellent agreement with the certified values. It is demonstrated that LIBS coupled with LA-TOF-MS is an efficient technique that can be used to analyze any precious alloys in a fraction of a second.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Gold

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 261.84 nm Cu I 282.44 nm Cu I 293.31 nm Cu I 296.12 nm Cu I 299.74 nm Cu I 324.75 nm Cu I 327.40 nm Cu I 330.79 nm Cu I 465.11 nm Cu I 510.55 nm Cu I 515.32 nm Cu I 521.82 nm Cu I 529.25 nm Cu I 570.02 nm Cu I 578.21 nm Cu I 809.26 nm

Lines [nm]:

Au I 264.15 nm Au I 267.60 nm Au I 268.87 nm Au I 270.09 nm Au I 274.83 nm Au I 288.35 nm Au I 302.92 nm Au I 312.28 nm Au I 322.53 nm Au I 406.51 nm Au I 479.26 nm Au I 481.16 nm Au I 523.03 nm Au I 583.74 nm Au I 627.82 nm Au I 751.07 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ag I 328.07 nm Ag I 520.91 nm Ag I 546.55 nm Ag II 250.71 nm Ag II 266.04 nm Ag II 276.75 nm Ag II 283.76 nm Ag II 289.63 nm Ag II 795.73 nm

Lines [nm]:

N I 742.36 nm N I 744.23 nm N I 746.83 nm N I 818.49 nm N I 821.63 nm N I 868.03 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.19 nm O I 777.42 nm O I 777.54 nm O I 844.62 nm O I 844.64 nm O I 844.68 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Ag II 250.71 nm
Cu I 261.84 nm
Au I 264.15 nm
Ag II 266.04 nm
Au I 267.60 nm
Au I 268.87 nm
Au I 270.09 nm
Au I 274.83 nm
Ag II 276.75 nm
Cu I 282.44 nm
Ag II 283.76 nm
Au I 288.35 nm
Ag II 289.63 nm
Cu I 293.31 nm
Cu I 296.12 nm
Cu I 299.74 nm
Au I 302.92 nm
Au I 312.28 nm
Au I 322.53 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Cu I 327.40 nm
Ag I 328.07 nm
Cu I 330.79 nm
Au I 406.51 nm
Cu I 465.11 nm
Au I 479.26 nm
Au I 481.16 nm
Cu I 510.55 nm
Cu I 515.32 nm
Ag I 520.91 nm
Cu I 521.82 nm
Au I 523.03 nm
Cu I 529.25 nm
Ag I 546.55 nm
Cu I 570.02 nm
Cu I 578.21 nm
Au I 583.74 nm
Au I 627.82 nm
H I 656.28 nm
N I 742.36 nm
N I 744.23 nm
N I 746.83 nm
Au I 751.07 nm
O I 777.19 nm
O I 777.42 nm
O I 777.54 nm
Ag II 795.73 nm
Cu I 809.26 nm
N I 818.49 nm
N I 821.63 nm
O I 844.62 nm
O I 844.64 nm
O I 844.68 nm
N I 868.03 nm

Identification of Particles in Raw Materials

Author: Lee, K. ; et. al.

Journal: AAPS Pharm SciTech (2018)

Applications

DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0823-0

Authors
Lankers, M. ; Valet, O.

Keywords

Raw materials; Particles; Raman; Infrared; Spectroscopy; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS);

Abstract

Raw materials need to be of a certain quality with respect to physical and chemical composition. They also need to have no contaminants in the form of particles because these could get into the product or indicate the raw materials are not pure enough to make a good quality product. When particles are found, it is important to identify their chemical and elemental composition to correct any process errors that can cause them and to have acceptable quality of the final product. Sources of materials can be the environment, process equipment and processing, and packaging. Microscope versions of Raman spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), and IR spectroscopy are excellent tools for identifying particles in materials because they are fast and accurate techniques needing minimal sample preparation that can provide chemical composition as well as images that can be used for identification. The micro analysis capabilities allow for easy analysis of different portions of samples so that multiple components can be identified and sample preparation can be reduced or eliminated. The complementarity of the techniques provides the advantage of identifying various chemical components, as well as elemental and image analyses. The sources of materials were seen to be the environment, process equipment and processing, and packaging.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Particle ; Raw material

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Quantitative analysis of a brass alloy using CF-LIBS and a laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometer

Author: Ahmed, N. ; et. al.

Journal: Laser Physics (2018)

Applications

DOI: 10.1088/1555-6611/aa962b

Authors
Abdullah, M. ; Ahmed, R. ; Baig, M. A. ; Piracha, N. K.

Keywords

CF-LIBS; internal reference self-absorption correction (IRSAC); brass; quantitative analysis; plasma parameters; energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX); laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LA-TOF-MS);INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; CALIBRATION-FREE; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; PLASMA TEMPERATURE; PARAMETERS; ACCURACY

Abstract

We present a quantitative analysis of a brass alloy using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and laserablation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LA-TOF-MS). The emission lines of copper (Cu I) and zinc (Zn I), and the constituent elements of the brass alloy were used to calculate the plasma parameters. The plasma temperature was calculated from the Boltzmann plot as (10 000 +/- 1000) K and the electron number density was determined as (2.0 +/- 0.5) x 10(17) cm(-3) from the Stark-broadened Cu I line as well as using the Saha-Boltzmann equation. The elemental composition was deduced using these techniques: the Boltzmann plot method (70% Cu and 30% Zn), internal reference self-absorption correction (63.36% Cu and 36.64% Zn), EDX (61.75% Cu and 38.25% Zn), and LA-TOF (62% Cu and 38% Zn), whereas, the certified composition is (62% Cu and 38% Zn). It was observed that the internal reference self-absorption correction method yields analytical results comparable to that of EDX and LA-TOF-MS.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Brass

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 427.51 nm Cu I 465.11 nm Cu II 268.93 nm Cu II 271.35 nm Cu I 261.84 nm Cu I 282.44 nm Cu I 296.12 nm Cu I 319.41 nm Cu I 458.70 nm Cu I 510.55 nm Cu I 515.32 nm Cu I 521.82 nm Cu I 529.25 nm Cu I 578.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Zn I 277.09 nm Zn I 330.26 nm Zn I 328.23 nm Zn I 334.50 nm Zn II 250.20 nm Zn II 255.80 nm Zn I 472.22 nm Zn I 481.05 nm

Emmision lines:
Zn II 250.20 nm
Zn II 255.80 nm
Cu I 261.84 nm
Cu II 268.93 nm
Cu II 271.35 nm
Zn I 277.09 nm
Cu I 282.44 nm
Cu I 296.12 nm
Cu I 319.41 nm
Zn I 328.23 nm
Zn I 330.26 nm
Zn I 334.50 nm
Cu I 427.51 nm
Cu I 458.70 nm
Cu I 465.11 nm
Zn I 472.22 nm
Zn I 481.05 nm
Cu I 510.55 nm
Cu I 515.32 nm
Cu I 521.82 nm
Cu I 529.25 nm
Cu I 578.21 nm

Spectroscopic identification of rare earth elements in phosphate glass

Author: Devangad, P. ; et. al.

Journal: Laser Physics (2018)

Applications

DOI: 10.1088/1555-6611/aa86da

Authors
Kumar, G. A. ; Nayak, R. ; Patil, A. ; Shameem, K. M. M. ; Tamboli, M. M. ; Unnikrishnan, V. K.

Keywords

rare earth elements; absorption; fluorescence; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS);INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; WHITE-LIGHT; DY3+ IONS; LUMINESCENCE; LIBS; YB3+

Abstract

In this work, rare earth-doped phosphate glasses were synthesized and characterized using three different spectroscopic techniques. The absorption spectra of the prepared praseodymium (Pr) and samarium (Sm) doped glasses, recorded by a UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer, show the characteristic absorption bands of these elements. To confirm this inference, laser-induced fluorescence spectra of Pr and Sm were obtained at a laser excitation of 442 nm. Their emission bands are reported here. The elemental analysis of these samples was carried out using a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system. Characteristic emission lines of Pr and Sm have been identified and reported by the recorded LIBS spectra of glass samples. Results prove that using these three complimentary spectroscopic techniques (absorption, fluorescence and LIBS), we can meaningfully characterize rare earth-doped glass samples.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Phosphate glass

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Pr II 402.55 nm Pr II 403.43 nm Pr II 403.93 nm Pr II 405.49 nm Pr II 410.07 nm Pr II 411.85 nm Pr II 414.31 nm Pr I 490.70 nm Pr I 491.40 nm Pr I 494.03 nm

Lines [nm]:

Sm II 425.64 nm Sm II 428.08 nm Sm I 429.67 nm Sm I 431.95 nm Sm I 471.61 nm Sm I 472.84 nm Sm I 476.03 nm

Emmision lines:
Pr II 402.55 nm
Pr II 403.43 nm
Pr II 403.93 nm
Pr II 405.49 nm
Pr II 410.07 nm
Pr II 411.85 nm
Pr II 414.31 nm
Sm II 425.64 nm
Sm II 428.08 nm
Sm I 429.67 nm
Sm I 431.95 nm
Sm I 471.61 nm
Sm I 472.84 nm
Sm I 476.03 nm
Pr I 490.70 nm
Pr I 491.40 nm
Pr I 494.03 nm

Impact of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy data normalization on multivariate classification accuracy

Author: Pořízka, P. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1039/C6JA00322B

Authors
Hrdlička, A. ; Kaiser, J. ; Klus, J. ; Novotný, J. ; Novotný, K. ; Prochazka, D. ; Škarková, P. ; Vrábel, J.

Keywords

Abstract

Multivariate data analysis (MVDA) is getting popular across the spectroscopic community. To assess accurate results, the obtained data should be preprocessed prior to utilization of any MVDA algorithm. The process of data normalization or “internal standardization” is widely used across a broad range of applications. In this manuscript we investigate the utilization of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) coupled with MVDA. However, many articles regarding the use of MVDA on data from LIBS do not provide any information about the data pretreatment. This work describes the impact of LIBS data normalization approaches on MVDA classification accuracy. Also, the impact of classical data preprocessing (mean centering and scaling) exploiting the prior utilization of MVDA was studied. This issue was investigated exploiting simple soft independent modelling of class analogies algorithm. The findings were generalized for three sample matrices (steel, Al alloys, and sedimentary ores). Furthermore, the selection of an appropriate normalization algorithm is not trivial since the spectrum of each sample matrix is composed of a different number of elements and corresponding elemental lines.

Area:

Geology ; Industry

Material:

Aluminium alloy ; Sedimentary ore ; Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 381.58 nm Fe I 382.04 nm Fe I 382.59 nm Fe I 404.58 nm Fe I 438.28 nm Fe I 440.48 nm Fe I 441.51 nm Fe I 487.21 nm Fe I 489.15 nm Fe I 492.05 nm Fe I 495.76 nm Fe I 358.72 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr II 284.98 nm Cr II 313.21 nm Cr II 336.80 nm Cr I 425.44 nm Cr I 427.48 nm Cr I 428.97 nm Cr I 455.40 nm Cr I 520.84 nm Cr I 540.98 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 285.21 nm Mg I 516.73 nm Mg I 517.27 nm Mg I 518.36 nm Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 280.27 nm Mg II 293.65 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 324.75 nm Cu I 327.40 nm Cu I 515.32 nm Cu I 521.82 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 308.22 nm Al I 309.27 nm Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Co II 241.62 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Cr II 284.98 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Mg II 293.65 nm
Al I 308.22 nm
Al I 309.27 nm
Cr II 313.21 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Cu I 327.40 nm
Zn I 330.26 nm
Zn I 334.50 nm
Ti II 334.94 nm
Ti II 336.12 nm
Cr II 336.80 nm
Ni I 341.48 nm
Ni I 349.30 nm
Ni I 351.51 nm
Ni I 352.45 nm
Fe I 358.72 nm
Fe I 381.58 nm
Fe I 382.04 nm
Fe I 382.59 nm
Si I 390.55 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Fe I 404.58 nm
Pb I 405.78 nm
Cr I 425.44 nm
Cr I 427.48 nm
Cr I 428.97 nm
Fe I 438.28 nm
Fe I 440.48 nm
Fe I 441.51 nm
Cr I 455.40 nm
Zn I 472.22 nm
Mn I 475.40 nm
Mn I 476.24 nm
Mn I 478.34 nm
Zn I 481.05 nm
Mn I 482.35 nm
Fe I 487.21 nm
Fe I 489.15 nm
Fe I 492.05 nm
Fe I 495.76 nm
Cu I 515.32 nm
Mg I 516.73 nm
Mg I 517.27 nm
Mg I 518.36 nm
Cr I 520.84 nm
Cu I 521.82 nm
Cr I 540.98 nm
Mo I 550.65 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
H I 656.28 nm
N I 742.36 nm
N I 744.23 nm
N I 746.83 nm
K I 766.49 nm
K I 769.90 nm
O I 777.19 nm

Application of self-organizing maps to the study of U-Zr-Ti-Nb distribution in sandstone-hosted uranium ores

Author: Klus, J. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.03.008

Authors
Kaiser, J. ; Mikysek, P. ; Novotný, J. ; Novotný, K. ; Pořízka, P. ; Prochazka, D. ; Slobodník, M.

Keywords

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy; Uranium ore; Elements distribution; Self-organizing maps;

Abstract

This paper presents a novel approach for processing the spectral information obtained from high-resolution elemental mapping performed by means of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. The proposed methodology is aimed at the description of possible elemental associations within a heterogeneous sample. High-resolution elemental mapping provides a large number of measurements. Moreover, typical laser-induced plasma spectrum consists of several thousands of spectral variables. Analysis of heterogeneous samples, where valuable information is hidden in a limited fraction of sample mass, requires special treatment. The sample under study is a sandstone-hosted uranium ore that shows irregular distribution of ore elements such as zirconium, titanium, uranium and niobium. Presented processing methodology shows the way to reduce the dimensionality of data and retain the spectral information by utilizing self-organizing maps (SOM). The spectral information from SOM is processed further to detect either simultaneous or isolated presence of elements. Conclusions suggested by SOM are in good agreement with geological studies of mineralization phases performed at the deposit. Even deeper investigation of the SOM results enables discrimination of interesting measurements and reveals new possibilities in the visualization of chemical mapping information. Suggested approach improves the description of elemental associations in mineral phases, which is crucial for the mining industry.

Area:

Geology ; Industry ; Mapping

Material:

Sandstone

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Si I 251.43 nm Si I 288.16 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ti II 325.42 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 358.12 nm

Lines [nm]:

Zr II 349.62 nm

Lines [nm]:

Nb II 255.14 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Si I 251.43 nm
Nb II 255.14 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Ti II 325.42 nm
Zr II 349.62 nm
Fe I 358.12 nm
U II 409.01 nm

Improvement of the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy method sensitivity by the usage of combination of Ag-nanoparticles and vacuum conditions

Author: Sládková, L. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2016.11.005

Authors
Čelko, L. ; Hrdlička, A. ; Kaiser, J. ; Novotný, K. ; Pořízka, P. ; Prochazka, D. ; Remešová, M. ; Škarková, P.

Keywords

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy; Silver nanoparticles; Low pressure conditions; Sensitivity improvement;

Abstract

In this work we studied the effect of vacuum (low pressure) conditions on the behavior of laser-induced plasma (LIP) created on a sample surface covered with silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), i.e. Nanoparticles-Enhanced Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (NELIBS) experiment in a vacuum. The focus was put on the step by step optimization of the measurement parameters, such as energy of the laser pulse, temporally resolved detection, ambient pressure, and different content of Ag-NPs applied on the sample surface. The measurement parameters were optimized in order to achieve the greatest enhancement represented as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of NELIBS signal to the SNR of LIBS signal. The presence of NPs involved in the ablation process enhances LIP intensity; hence the improvement in the analytical sensitivity was yielded. A leaded brass standard was analyzed with the emphasis on the signal enhancement of Pb traces. We gained enhancement by a factor of four. Although the low pressure had no significant influence on the LIP signal enhancement compared to that under ambient conditions, the SNR values were noticeably improved with the implementation of the NPs.

Area:

Industry ; Nanoparticles

Material:

Leaded brass

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Pb I 368.35 nm Pb I 405.78 nm

Emmision lines:
Pb I 368.35 nm
Pb I 405.78 nm

Laser-induced optical breakdown spectroscopy of polymer materials based on evaluation of molecular emission bands (vol 174, pg 331, 2017)

Author: Trautner, S. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.02.016

Authors
Heitz, J. ; Jasik, J. ; Lackner, J. ; Parigger, C. G. ; Pedarnig, J. D. ; Spendelhofer, W. ; Veis, P.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; LIBS; Polyethylene; Rubber from tire production; Molecular emission spectroscopy; Rotational-vibrational analysis;

Abstract

Area:

Industry

Material:

Polymer

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

O I 926.08 nm O I 926.08 nm O I 926.09 nm O I 926.26 nm O I 926.27 nm O I 926.28 nm O I 926.59 nm O I 926.60 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 911.18 nm C I 940.57 nm

Lines [nm]:

N I 939.28 nm

Lines [nm]:

S I 921.29 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 911.18 nm
S I 921.29 nm
O I 926.08 nm
O I 926.08 nm
O I 926.09 nm
O I 926.26 nm
O I 926.27 nm
O I 926.28 nm
O I 926.59 nm
O I 926.60 nm
N I 939.28 nm
C I 940.57 nm

Standoff LIBS for explosives detection: Challenges and status

Author: Kalam, S. A. ; et. al.

Journal: Laser Focus World (2017)

Applications

DOI:

Authors
Rao, E. N. ; Rao, S. V.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; FEMTOSECOND LASER; NANOSECOND; DYNAMICS

Abstract

Besides Raman spectroscopy, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can provide standoff detection of trace chemicals at longer distances by applying filamentation techniques and using femtosecond rather than nanosecond pulses.

Area:

Explosives ; Industry

Material:

Explosive

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 465.11 nm Cu I 510.55 nm Cu II 508.83 nm Cu I 515.32 nm Cu I 521.82 nm Cu I 529.25 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

Zn I 472.22 nm Zn I 481.05 nm

Emmision lines:
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Cu I 465.11 nm
Zn I 472.22 nm
Zn I 481.05 nm
Cu II 508.83 nm
Cu I 510.55 nm
Cu I 515.32 nm
Cu I 521.82 nm
Cu I 529.25 nm

Classification of Soft Tissues Using Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Author: Li, X. ; et. al.

Journal: Novel Biophotonics Techniques and Applications IV (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1117/12.2285985

Authors
An, X. K. ; Fan, R. W. ; Chen, D. Y. ; Yu, X.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; tissue ablation; soft tissue; classification; principal component analysis; k nearest neighbors; confusion matrix; pork;BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Abstract

Classification of pork soft tissues, including skin, fat, loin, tenderloin and ham muscles, was achieved using combination of laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy, principal component analysis and k nearest neighbors classification.

Area:

Industry ; Nutrition

Material:

Pork ; Tissue

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Cleaning of Tantalum Capacitor Electrode Surface by Laser in Multipulse Regime

Author: Villarreal, A. E. ; et. al.

Journal: Emerging Challenges for Experimental Mechanics in Energy and Environmental Applications (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28513-9_48

Authors
Flores, T. ; Frias, A. K. ; Ponce, L. ; Rendon, F. G. ; Vazquez-Bautista, G.

Keywords

Capacitor; Tantalum; LIBS; Multipulse; Nd:YAG laser;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; ABLATION; LIBS

Abstract

In this paper a method for cleaning tantalum capacitors terminals, using the technique of selective ablation by pulsed laser is proposed. Such ablation is studied by the LIBS technique to characterize capacitors and determine the resin composition and possible contaminants adhered. In addition, OCT measurements are performed to recreate the damage done to the samples.

Area:

Cleaning ; Industry

Material:

Capacitor

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 323.94 nm Fe I 334.58 nm Fe I 358.12 nm Fe I 382.78 nm Fe I 500.57 nm Fe I 518.01 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ta I 539.60 nm Ta I 593.98 nm Ta I 648.54 nm Ta I 294.02 nm Ta I 429.44 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mn II 252.05 nm Mn I 280.11 nm Mn I 367.70 nm Mn II 308.57 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ag I 328.07 nm Ag I 338.29 nm Ag I 520.91 nm Ag I 546.55 nm

Lines [nm]:

H I 656.28 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Mn II 252.05 nm
Mn I 280.11 nm
Ta I 294.02 nm
Mn II 308.57 nm
Fe I 323.94 nm
Ag I 328.07 nm
Fe I 334.58 nm
Ag I 338.29 nm
Fe I 358.12 nm
Mn I 367.70 nm
Fe I 382.78 nm
Co I 395.66 nm
Ta I 429.44 nm
Fe I 500.57 nm
Fe I 518.01 nm
Ag I 520.91 nm
Ta I 539.60 nm
Ag I 546.55 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Ta I 593.98 nm
C I 610.85 nm
Ta I 648.54 nm
H I 656.28 nm

Compositional depth profiles of the type 316 stainless steel undergone the corrosion in liquid lithium using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Ke, C. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Nuclear Materials (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2017.06.025

Authors
Liu, X.

Keywords

Liquid lithium corrosion; Corroded layer; Depth profiling; LIBS; Refined grains enhanced;INDUCED PLASMA; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; SURFACE-TOPOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; EUTECTIC PB-17LI; ABLATION; BEHAVIOR; SAMPLES; HELIUM; CURVES

Abstract

Liquid metal lithium cause severe corrosion on the surface of metal structure material that used in the blanket and first wall of fusion device. Fast and accurate compositional depth profile measurement for the boundary layer of the corroded specimen will reveal the clues for the understanding and evaluation of the liquid lithium corrosion process as well as the involved corrosion mechanism. In this work, the feasibility of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the compositional depth profile analysis of type 316 stainless steel which was corroded by liquid lithium in certain conditions was demonstrated. High sensitivity of LIBS was revealed especially for the corrosion medium Li in addition to the matrix elements of Fe, Cr, Ni and Mn by the spectral analysis of the plasma emission. Compositional depth profile analysis for the concerned elements which related to corrosion was carried out on the surface of the corroded specimen. Based on the verified local thermodynamic equilibrium shot-by-shot along the depth profile, the matrix effect was evaluated as negligible by the extracted physical parameter of the plasmas generated by each laser pulse in the longitudinal depth profile. In addition, the emission line intensity ratios were introduced to further reduce the impact on the emission line intensity variations arise from the strong inhomogeneities on the corroded surface. Compositional depth profiles for the matrix elements of Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn and the corrosion medium Li were constructed with their measured relative emission line intensities. The distribution and correlations of the concerned elements in depth profile may indicate the clues to the complicated process of composition diffusion and mass transfer. The results obtained demonstrate the potentiality of LIBS as an effective technique to perform spectrochemical measurement in the research fields of liquid metal lithium corrosion. 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Stainless steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe II 256.25 nm Fe I 373.49 nm

Lines [nm]:

Li I 670.78 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr II 312.04 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mn I 403.08 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ni I 341.48 nm

Emmision lines:
Fe II 256.25 nm
Cr II 312.04 nm
Ni I 341.48 nm
Fe I 373.49 nm
Mn I 403.08 nm
Li I 670.78 nm

Characterization of selectively etched halloysite nanotubes by acid treatment

Author: Garcia-Garcia, D. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Surface Science (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.104

Authors
Ferri, J. M.

Keywords

Halloysite nanotubes; Lumen enlargement; Acid treatment; Catalysis; LIBS;CLAY NANOTUBES; TREATED HALLOYSITE; CONTROLLED-RELEASE; CARBON NANOTUBES; NANOCOMPOSITES; ADSORPTION; LUMEN; SEPARATION; OXIDATION; DELIVERY

Abstract

Halloysite nanotubes are a type of naturally occurring inorganic nanotubes that are characterized by a different composition between their external and internal walls. The internal walls are mainly composed of alumina whilst external walls are composed of silica. This particular structure offers a dual surface chemistry that allows different selective surface treatments which can be focused on increasing the lumen, increasing porosity, etc. In this work, HNTs were chemically treated with different acids , for 72 h at a constant temperature of 50 degrees C. As per the obtained results, the treatment with sulphuric acid is highly aggressive and the particular shape of HNTs is almost lost, with a remarkable increase in porosity. The BET surface area increases from 52.9 up to 132.4 m g with sulphuric acid treatment, thus showing an interesting potential in the field of catalysis. On the other hand, the treatment with acetic acid led to milder effects with a noticeable increase in the lumen diameter that changed from 13.8 nm up to 18.4 nm which the subsequent increase in the loading capacity by 77.8%. The aluminium content was measured by X-ray fluorescence and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy . The final results using two systems, suggest a good correlation between the acid strength and the aluminium reduction. Consequently, is possible to conclude that new applications for HNTs can be derived from selective etching with acids. Sulphuric acid widens the potential of HNTs in the field of catalysis while weak acids such as acetic and acrylic acids give a controlled and homogeneous lumen increase with the corresponding increase in the loading capacity.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Halloysite nanotube

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Al I 265.25 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 243.52 nm

Emmision lines:
Si I 243.52 nm
Al I 265.25 nm

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for quantitative analysis based on low-rank matrix approximations

Author: Yi, C. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00178a

Authors

Keywords

MACHINE REGRESSION-MODEL; CONVEX-OPTIMIZATION; COEFFICIENTS; LIBS

Abstract

In quantitative laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis, spectral signals are usually represented by the linear combination of characteristic peaks with useful spectral information and unwanted noise components. All of the existing regression analysis methods are related to a spectral data matrix, which is composed of certified samples with different spectral intensity. Therefore, spectral data matrix processing is critical for quantitative LIBS analysis. A prevalent assumption when constructing a matrix approximation is that the partially observed matrix is of low-rank. Moreover, the low-rank structure always reflects the useful information and is regarded as a powerful data preprocessing method. In this paper, a novel and quantitative LIBS analysis method based on a sparse low-rank matrix approximation via convex optimization is proposed. Based on the sparsity of the spectral signals, we present a convex objective function consisting of a data-fidelity term and two parameterized penalty terms. To improve the accuracy of the quantitative analysis, a new non-convex and non-separable penalty based on the Moreau envelope is proposed. Then, the alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm was utilized to solve the optimization problem. The proposed method was applied to the quantitative analysis of 23 high alloy steel samples. Both of the performances of the Partial Least Squares and Support Vector Machine regression models are improved by using the low-rank matrix approximation scheme, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 278.06 nm Cr I 305.39 nm Cr I 363.96 nm Cr I 388.33 nm Cr I 435.96 nm Cr I 454.60 nm Cr I 460.06 nm Cr I 465.46 nm Cr I 480.10 nm Cr I 526.19 nm Cr I 529.67 nm

Emmision lines:
Cr I 278.06 nm
Cr I 305.39 nm
Cr I 363.96 nm
Cr I 388.33 nm
Cr I 435.96 nm
Cr I 454.60 nm
Cr I 460.06 nm
Cr I 465.46 nm
Cr I 480.10 nm
Cr I 526.19 nm
Cr I 529.67 nm

Quantitative detection of harmful elements in alloy steel by LIBS technique and sequential backward selection-random forest

Author: Ruan, F. Q. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00231a

Authors

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES; PARTIAL LEAST-SQUARES; DISCRIMINANT-ANALYSIS; SUBSET-SELECTION; LASER; CLASSIFICATION; SAMPLES; IDENTIFICATION; ALGORITHM

Abstract

In recent years, LIBS quantitative analysis based on multivariate regression has received considerable attention, and variable selection is critical for improving accuracy of multivariate regression analysis of LIBS. In the present study, sequential backward selection combined with random forest was proposed to improve detection accuracy of sulfur and phosphorus in steel. First, LIBS spectrum line of S and P was identified by the NIST database. Second, input variables for RF calibration model were selected and optimized by SBS, and RF model parameters and m) were optimized by out-of-bag estimation. Finally, optimized input variables and model parameters were employed to build an SBS-RF calibration model for quantitative analysis of P and S in steel. Results showed that the SBS-RF model provided good predictions for S and P compared with those provided by the univariate method, PLS model and traditional RF model. Thus, LIBS coupled with SBS-RF is an effective method for quality supervision and control of steel products.

Area:

Environment ; Industry

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

P II 602.42 nm P II 646.00 nm P II 650.35 nm

Lines [nm]:

S II 645.54 nm S II 543.28 nm S II 545.38 nm

Emmision lines:
S II 543.28 nm
S II 545.38 nm
P II 602.42 nm
S II 645.54 nm
P II 646.00 nm
P II 650.35 nm

Feasibility study for quantification of lanthanides in LiF-KCl salt by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Maji, S. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5481-x

Authors

Keywords

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy; Lanthanides; Quantitative analysis;RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; LIBS LIMIT; WASTE SALT; SAMPLES; OXIDE; WATER

Abstract

Quantitative analysis of Pr, Nd, Ce, La and Sm were carried out simultaneously in LiF-KCl matrix using laser induced breakdown spectroscopic technique. Two non-interfering analytical emission lines have been identified for each lanthanide and using the internal standard method, the calibration curve is constructed from 0.3 to 5% for Pr, Nd, Ce and La and from 0.3 to 3% for Sm. Both the emission lines showed good regression coefficient ) ranging from 0.9953 to 0.9996. The analytical capability of this method is studied through the correlation uncertainty of measured values with its known value in synthetic samples containing all the lanthanides in equal amount . Low value of correlation uncertainty confirms that LIBS has a great potential for quantitative analysis of lanthanides in LiF-KCl matrix.

Area:

Geology ; Industry

Material:

Lithium fluoride-potassium chloride ; Salt

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

La II 333.75 nm La II 338.09 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ce II 551.21 nm Ce I 560.13 nm

Lines [nm]:

Pr II 410.07 nm Pr I 495.14 nm

Lines [nm]:

Nd I 489.69 nm Nd I 490.18 nm

Lines [nm]:

Sm I 491.04 nm Sm I 551.61 nm

...

Emmision lines:
La II 333.75 nm
La II 338.09 nm
Pr II 410.07 nm
Nd I 489.69 nm
Nd I 490.18 nm
Sm I 491.04 nm
Pr I 495.14 nm
Ce II 551.21 nm
Sm I 551.61 nm
Ce I 560.13 nm
Li I 610.35 nm

Determination of chromium in the surface nano-layer covering the Zn-based anti corrosion coating of steel sheets using a laser-induced breakdown spectrometry

Author: Zvolska, M. ; et. al.

Journal: Chemical Papers (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0197-5

Authors

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry; X-ray fluorescence spectrometry; Chromium; Surface layer; Steel sheets;DEPTH PROFILE ANALYSIS; GALVANIZED STEEL; COATED STEEL; ABLATION; SPECTROSCOPY; COPPER

Abstract

A method was proposed for the determination of Cr in a thin surface nanolayer deposited on top of a micrometrical Zn-based anticorrosive coating of steel sheets using laser-induced breakdown spectrometry . Optimization of the LIBS parameters was performed with respect to the statistical parameters of regression, these being the coefficient of determination , akaike information criterion and mean-squared prediction error. These were calculated for curves describing the relationship between the Cr surface concentration and the intensity of LIBS signal. The most critical parameter of analysis appears to be the focal spot diameter. When its value was 200 mu m and corresponding energy density had value of 413.8 J/cm, the intensity-concentration relationship revealed a negative slope. This phenomenon was caused by the difference in total ablated volume for samples with a different content of Cr in the surface layer. This phenomenon was not observed for higher values of the focal spot diameter and lower values of fluence ). A range of calibration obtained under optimal conditions was 11-21 mg/m and the limit of detection was 0.7 mg/m. The recovery values calculated from the results of the proposed LIBS method and the standard ED XRF method ranged from 99.2 to 101%.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Steel ; Zn layer

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 425.43 nm Cr I 427.48 nm Cr I 428.97 nm

Emmision lines:
Cr I 425.43 nm
Cr I 427.48 nm
Cr I 428.97 nm

Investigation of the wavelength dependence of laser stratigraphy on Cu and Ni coatings using LIBS compared to a pure thermal ablation model

Author: Paulis, E. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s00339-017-1382-7

Authors
Kautek, W. ; Nagy, T. O. ; Pacher, U. ; Weimerskirch, M. J. J.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROMETRY; INDUCED PLASMA SPECTROMETRY; JEWELRY INDUSTRY; SPECTROSCOPY; METALS; STEEL

Abstract

In this study, galvanic coatings of Cu and Ni, typically applied in industrial standard routines, were investigated. Ablation experiments were carried out using the first two harmonic wavelengths of a pulsed Nd: YAG laser and the resulting plasma spectra were analysed using a linear Pearson correlation method. For both wavelengths the absorption/ablation behaviour as well as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) depth profiles were studied varying laserfluences between 4.3-17.2 J/cm(2) at 532 nm and 2.9-11.7 J/cm(2) at 1064 nm. The LIBS-stratigrams were compared with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of cross-sections. The ablation rates were calculated and compared to theoretical values originating from a thermal ablation model. Generally, higher ablation rates were obtained with 532 nm light for both materials. The light-plasma interaction is suggested as possible cause of the lower ablation rates in the infrared regime. Neither clear evidence of the pure thermal ablation, nor correlation with optical properties of investigated materials was obtained.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Electroplated cotating ; Steel

Elements:

Emmision lines:

An intensity correction method combined with plasma position information for laser-inducedbreakdown spectroscopy

Author: Zhang P. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00291b

Authors
Qi, L. F. ; Sun, L. X. ; Xin, Y. ; Yu, B. H. ; Zeng, P.

Keywords

SPECTRUM STANDARDIZATION; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; LIBS; NORMALIZATION; SIGNAL; MODEL

Abstract

The uncertainty of collected spectral data is one of the most important issues for the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) quantitative analysis. The fluctuation of the target surface simultaneously affects both the focus depth of the laser beam and the relative collection position, either of which may lead to severe fluctuation of the spectral signal. Thus, in this study, for detecting and reducing the fluctuation, an imaging system was deployed to monitor the plasma, and a mathematical model was also built based on both spectral signal and positional information. An ICCD camera was used to record the image of the plasma so as to detect the plasma and acquire positional information. Furthermore, the relationship between plasma position and specific spectral line intensity was obtained by the fitting function. Five aluminium alloy samples were employed to validate the reliability of the proposed method. As a result, the average RSDs of the samples (with a position fluctuation range of about 2 mm) in different spectral lines (Si 288.15 nm, Fe 273.95 nm, Cu 324.75 nm, Mn 259.37 nm and Mg 280.27 nm) were reduced from 34.57%, 38.86%, 31.05%, 39.74%, and 36.91% (without normalization) to 4.63%, 6.84%, 5.64%, 7.64%, and 4.83% (with the combination method presented in this paper), respectively; the determination coefficients (R-2) reached 0.996, 0.999, 0.989, 0.999, and 0.9999, respectively. These results prove that the proposed method can both improve measurement reliability and guarantee measurement accuracy.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Aluminium alloy

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 280.27 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mn II 259.37 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe II 273.95 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 324.75 nm

Emmision lines:
Mn II 259.37 nm
Fe II 273.95 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm

Wavelet-based interference correction for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Guo Y. M. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00204a

Authors
Deng, L. M. ; Guo, L. B. ; Li, J. M. ; Li, K. H. ; Li, X. Y. ; Lu, Y. F. ; Yang X. Y. ; Zeng, X. Y. ; Zhu, Z. H.

Keywords

QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; CARBON CONTENT; LIBS; TEMPERATURE; TRANSFORM; PLASMAS; LINES

Abstract

To minimize the impact of spectral interference on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) quantitative analyses, an algorithm based on wavelet transform was developed for simultaneous correction of spectral interference and continuum background. The root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC) of the univariate regression model for the element of interest was applied to determine the wavelet function, decomposition level, and scaling factor alpha. When the interference-free analytical lines of the elements of interest cannot be directly obtained from the measured spectra, they can be extracted from the spectra with the developed method for quantitative analysis. This method was applied for LIBS analyses of chromium (Cr), silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), and manganese (Mn) with continuum backgrounds and spectral interference in low alloy steel samples. The root-mean-square errors of cross-validation (RMSECV) of elements Cr, Si, Ti, and Mn were 0.0295, 0.0140, 0.0183, and 0.0558 wt%, respectively. The results demonstrated that the developed algorithm contributed to accuracy improvement for LIBS quantitative analyses with the presence of spectral interference.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Low alloy steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ti II 368.52 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 461.61 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mn I 401.81 nm

Emmision lines:
Si I 288.16 nm
Ti II 368.52 nm
Mn I 401.81 nm
Cr I 461.61 nm

Instantaneous monitoring of local fuel concentration in a liquid hydrocarbon-fueled flame using a LISS plug

Author: Kim, J. H. ; et. al.

Journal: Energy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.08.081

Authors
Do, H. ; Lee, S. H. ; Yoh, J. J.

Keywords

Laser-induced plasma; Equivalence ratio; Plasma emission; Spray flame;LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN; EQUIVALENCE RATIO MEASUREMENT; TO-AIR RATIO; INDUCED SPARK; GAS-DENSITY; SPECTROSCOPY; METHANE; MIXTURE; PRESSURE; IGNITION

Abstract

A portable device composed of photodiodes and bandpass filters was developed to measure local fuel concentration in a liquid hydrocarbon-fueled spray flame. The plasma emission spectra in and around the flame were selectively captured using such simplified device or plug instead of using a laboratory standard laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIES) system consisting of an ICCD and a spectrometer. The hydrogen (656 nm) and oxygen (777 nm) atomic lines were selected to determine the fuel concentration in atmospheric pressure. The WO signal intensity ratio was found to be a strong function of the fuel concentration, and thus a calibration curve for the concentration measurements was established and validated using conventional LIES. The proposed scheme to measure the local equivalence ratio of spray flames using a bundled layout of multiple LIES plugs alongside the combustor wall may offer simple and highly robust diagnostics, especially under the harsh combustion conditions within air breathing engines. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Flame

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

H I 656.27 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.19 nm

Emmision lines:
H I 656.27 nm
O I 777.19 nm

On-stream analysis of iron ore slurry using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Cheng, X. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Optics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/AO.56.009144

Authors
Guo, L. B. ; Li, X. Y. ; Lu, Y. F. ; Yang, X. Y. ; Zeng, X. Y. ; Zhu, Z. H.

Keywords

MINERALS; ELEMENTS; SAMPLES; WATER; PB

Abstract

On-stream analysis of the element content in ore slurry has important significance in the control of the flotation process and full use of raw materials. Therefore, techniques that can monitor the chemistry in slurries online are required. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is one of the potential approaches to online measurements due to its capability of in situ and real-time analysis. However, using LIBS for on-stream analysis of slurries is challenging due to the issues such as surface ripples, sample splashing, sedimentation, etc. To address these problems, we developed a slurry circulation system. The effects of slurry flow rate on LIBS spectra were investigated to achieve the optimal detecting surface for better repeatability of LIBS. The coefficient of determination R-2 of the calibration curve for Fe element is 0.982, and the limit of detection of Fe element was estimated to be 0.075 wt. % under the optimized experimental parameters. The results show that this slurry circulation system is applicable to the on-stream slurry analysis. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

Iron slurry

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Standoff high energy laser induced oxidation spectroscopy (HELIOS)

Author: Daigle, J. F. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Applied Physics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1063/1.4999918

Authors
Pudo, D. ; Theberge, F.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; STAINLESS-STEEL; PROPAGATION; REMOVAL; MEDIA

Abstract

High Energy Lasers (HELs) used for defense applications require operational distances ranging from few hundred meters to several kilometers. As the distance increases, the incident beam properties and, consequently, the anticipated effect delivered to the sample become less predictable. Therefore, the direct observation of the event induced by the laser can become an asset. In this paper, we propose a novel spectroscopic method that analyses in real time the spectral components present in the flames produced during the interaction of a HEL with a metallic piece at a long distance. This method was used on aluminum and carbon steel samples placed 200 m away from the laser system. It was discovered that the aluminum and iron oxides created as a by-product of the HEL reaction with the samples emitted clear fingerprint signatures that could be detected remotely using a spectroscopic receiver placed beside the HEL beam director. The real-time assessment of the laser-induced effect can be achieved by monitoring the temporal evolution of the oxide signatures, hence providing information to the operator about the reaction and the nature of the sample illuminated.

Area:

Industry ; Military

Material:

Aluminium ; Carbon steel

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Measurement of Eu and Yb in aqueous solutions by underwater laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Bhatt, C. R. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.09.009

Authors
Goueguel, C. L. ; Jain, J. C. ; McIntyre, D. L. ; Singh, J. P.

Keywords

RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; COLLOIDS; LIQUIDS

Abstract

In this paper, we report the use of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to detect dissolved Eu and Yb in bulk aqueous solutions. Ten strong emission lines of Eu and one strong emission line of Yb were identified in the underwater LIBS spectra obtained by using Czerny-Turner spectrometer within the wavelength range of 375-515 nm, Temporal evolution of plasma and the effect of laser pulse energy on the spectral emission were studied. Calibration curves using the concentration range from 500 to 10,000 ppm were developed and limits of detection for Eu and Yb were estimated to be 209 and 156 ppm, respectively. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Geology ; Industry

Material:

Aqueous solution

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Eu II 381.97 nm Eu II 390.71 nm Eu II 393.05 nm Eu II 397.20 nm Eu II 412.97 nm Eu II 420.51 nm Eu II 443.56 nm Eu I 459.40 nm Eu I 462.72 nm Eu I 466.19 nm

Lines [nm]:

Yb I 398.80 nm

Emmision lines:
Eu II 381.97 nm
Eu II 390.71 nm
Eu II 393.05 nm
Eu II 397.20 nm
Yb I 398.80 nm
Eu II 412.97 nm
Eu II 420.51 nm
Eu II 443.56 nm
Eu I 459.40 nm
Eu I 462.72 nm
Eu I 466.19 nm

Practical soil analysis by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy employing subtarget supported micro mesh as a powder sample holder

Author: Suyanto, H. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.09.013

Authors
Kagawa, K. ; Kurniawan, K. H. ; Lie, T. J. ; Tija, M. O.

Keywords

Libs; Soil analysis; Practical powder sample holder; Quantitative powder analysis;ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; PLASMA; LIBS; ABLATION; MATRIX; METALS; PB

Abstract

A practical alternative of sample preparation technique is proposed for direct powder analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instead of the commonly adopted treatment of pelletizing the powder. The resulted pellet is known to suffer from reduced sensitivity of emission. Besides, it may also give rise to interfering effect from the binder emission. We introduce in this report a more practical technique of using a subtarget supported micro mesh (SSMM) powder sample holder. The LIBS spectrum of standard soil powder measured with 13 mJ 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser in 0.65 kPa ambient air is shown to exhibit the sharp emission lines of all the major elements in the sample. A comparison with the emission spectra measured from the pelletized powder, the spectrum obtained using the SSMM sample holder shows distinctly superior spectral quality marked by the absence of matrix effect found in pelletized powder samples, and the much stronger intensity due to the more effective shock wave plasma induced thermal excitation process produced by the hard subtarget in the sample holder. Repeating the measurement on a number of the standard soil samples of various Pb contents is shown to yield a linear calibration line with practically zero intercept and a detection limit of less than 10 ppm. We have thus demonstrated the viability of the proposed powder sample holder for the development of practical and quantitative powder analysis in the field. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Powder ; Soil

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca II 393.37 nm Ca II 396.85 nm Ca I 422.67 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

K I 404.41 nm K I 404.72 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 404.58 nm Fe I 406.36 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Si I 288.16 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Ca II 396.85 nm
K I 404.41 nm
Fe I 404.58 nm
K I 404.72 nm
Pb I 405.78 nm
Fe I 406.36 nm
Ca I 422.67 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm

Using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy on vacuum alloys-production process for elements concentration analysis

Author: Zhao, T. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.09.014

Authors
Fan, Z. W. ; Li, X. ; Lian, F. Q. ; Lin, W. R. ; Liu, Y. ; Mo, Z. Q. ; Nie, S. Z. ; Wang, P. ; Xiao, H. ; Zhang, H. B. ; Zhong, Q. X.

Keywords

LIBS instrument design; Liquid steel analysis; On-line process monitoring; Vacuum alloys production; Laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy;LIBS; STEEL

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) utilizing an echelle spectrograph-ICCD system is employed for online analysis of elements concentration in a vacuum induction melting workshop. Active temperature stabilization of echelle spectrometer is implemented specially for industrial environment applications. The measurement precision is further improved by monitoring laser parameters, such as pulse energy, spatial and temporal profiles, in real time, and post-selecting laser pulses with specific pulse energies. Experimental results show that major components of nickel-based alloys are stable, and can be well detected. By using internal standard method, calibration curves for chromium and aluminum are obtained for quantitative determination, with determination coefficient (relative standard deviation) to be 0.9559 (<22%) and 0.9723 (<2.8%), respectively. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Nickel-based alloy

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr II 248.37 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ni II 230.30 nm

Emmision lines:
Ni II 230.30 nm
Cr II 248.37 nm
Al I 396.15 nm

Magnetic field selective enhancement of Li I lines comparing Li II line in laser ablated lithium plasma at 10(-2) mbar air ambient gas

Author: Liu, P. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Fundamentals

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.09.004

Authors
Ding, H. B. ; Hai, R. ; Liu, J. M. ; Sun, L. Y. ; Wu, D.

Keywords

Magnetic field; Lithium plasma; Excited state; Recombination cross-section; Libs;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; OPTICAL-EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract

In this paper, the effect of magnetic field (1.1 T) on the atomic and ionic spectral emission of a laser produced lithium plasma at low pressure has been investigated. The experimental results indicate that magnetic field enhances the intensities of Li I spectral lines but reduces the Li II spectral lines intensities. In this study, two narrowband filters were placed before the ICCD camera to observe the evolution feature of Li II spectral line (548.39 nm, 2p(3)P(2,1,0)-> 2s(3)S(1)) and Li I spectral line (610.30 nm, 3d(2)P(3/2,5/2) -> 2p(2)P(1/2,3/2)), respectively. The plasma dynamic images show that with the magnetic field, the number density of luminous Li atoms is higher, while the number density of luminous Li ions is lower in comparison to the field-free case. The reduced Li II spectral intensities indicate that the quenching rate of Li ions in the excited state is greater than that without the magnetic field. The enhanced impact frequency of recombination indicates that magnetic field increases the recombination process of electron and Li ions. All of these observations strongly suggest that magnetic confinement increases the recombination process of the electrons with Li ions in the plasma, which results in the decrease in the intensity of Li II line. The results are useful for applying laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to in-situ diagnose the processes of lithium wall conditioning in EAST tokamak. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Aluminium-lithium alloy

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Li II 548.57 nm Li I 670.78 nm Li II 548.36 nm

Emmision lines:
Li II 548.36 nm
Li II 548.57 nm
Li I 670.78 nm

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Plastic Classification

Author: Liu, K. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2017)11-3600-06

Authors
Han, X. ; Li, Y. C. ; Qui, C. L. ; Tian, D. ; Yang, G.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Plastic; Partial least squares; Classification;IDENTIFICATION; LIBS; DISCRIMINATION; POLYMERS

Abstract

The traditional ways of waste plastics processing mainly use the burning landfill, which lead to environmental pollution and the waste of resources. Waste plastic recycling is very important on the circulation economy and the sustainable development. The traditional instruments have some shortcomings in plastic classification, such as lower precision, higher cost, the influence of the sample color and a serious threat to operating personnel's health. Laser inducedbreakdown spectroscopy has many advantages, such as simultaneous multielement detection of elements, free from sample preparation, rapid and real-time analysis, slight damages to sample and no impact on the sample color. The method of Chemometrics combined with LIBS technique is applied to the plastic, which improves the accuracy of plastic classification. But at present, the classification has many problems, such as more parameters and the poor universality. Using on a self built LIBS instrument, we can study the laser energy, delay time, integration time and the angle of the optical fiber, which can achieve a better experiment condition. With the experimental platform, we analyze the 2 200 sample points and choose the partial least squares to analyze the spectral data. In order to achieve the correlation between the sample label and the data, we discuss the better ratio of the training set and validation set. The experimental results show that replacing the interference spectra, classification accuracy of all 11 plastic is increased to 100%, while the validation set's accuracy is only 99.8% and the test set is 99.09% without replacing the interference spectra. It can be seen that the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with partial least squares method can be successfully used for the plastic sample classification.

Area:

Environment ; Industry

Material:

Plastics ; Waste

Elements:

Emmision lines:

On-stream mineral identification of tailing slurries of an iron ore concentrator using data fusion of LIBS, reflectance spectroscopy and XRF measurement techniques

Author: Khajehzadeh, N. ; et. al.

Journal: Minerals Engineering (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2017.08.007

Authors
Haavisto, O. ; Koresaar, L.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; X-ray fluorescence; Reflectance spectroscopy; Data fusion; Mineral interpretation; Partial least squares;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; QUANTITATIVE MINERALOGY; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; WAVELENGTH; DEPOSIT

Abstract

This article is extension of the earlier work (Khajehzadeh et al., 2016), where quantitative mineralogical information of slurry samples was achieved using an on-stream LIES analyzer. Despite the great advances in the analytical methods and laser-based measurement techniques, the industrial developers are still demanding novel ideas enabling differentiation between minerals having similar elemental contents such as hematite and magnetite or silicon-bearing minerals such as quartz and other mixed silica minerals since they have different flotation properties. The available analytical techniques for LIES spectral analysis (including the earlier work of this research) could not distinguish between such minerals with identical elemental contents. This work at first presents data fusion of LIES and reflectance spectroscopy and then discusses the data fusion of reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurement techniques operating on the same slurry samples. The results will show that such data integrations enable on-stream and quantitative identification of slurry mineral contents specially for hematite, magnetite, quartz and ferrorichterite which are important minerals in iron ore beneficiation.

Area:

Geology ; Industry

Material:

Slurry

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Accuracy enhancement of laser induced breakdown spectra using permittivity and size optimized plasma confinement rings

Author: Li, A. ; et. al.

Journal: Optics Express (2017)

Fundamentals Applications Chemometrics

DOI:

Authors
Guo, S. ; Hao, Y. ; Chai, K. ; Liang, L. ; Liu, R. B. ; Nan, P. F. ; Wazir, N. ; Zhang, M.

Keywords

SPATIAL CONFINEMENT; BEAM GEOMETRY; SPECTROSCOPY; IMPROVEMENT; EXPOSURE

Abstract

The inevitable problems in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy are matrix effect and statistical fluctuation of the spectral signal, which can be partly avoided by utilizing a proper confined unit. The dependences of spectral signal enhancement on relative permittivity were studied by varying materials to confine the plasma, which include polytetrafluoroethylene( PTFE), nylon/dacron, silicagel, and nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) with the relative permittivity 2.2, similar to 3.3, 3.6, 8 similar to 13, 15 similar to 22. We found that higher relative permittivity rings induce stronger enhancement ability, which restricts the energy dissipation of plasma better and due to the reflected electromagnetic wave from the wall of different materials, the electromagnetic field of plasma can be well confined and makes the distribution of plasma more orderly. The spectral intensities of the characteristic lines Si I 243.5 nm and Si I 263.1 nm increased approximately 2 times with relative permittivity values from 2.2 to similar to 20. The size dependent enhancement of PTFE was further checked and the maximum gain was realized by using a confinement ring with a diameter size of 5 mm and a height of 3 mm (D5mmH3mm), and the rings with D2mmH1mm and D3mmH2mm also show higher enhancement factor. In view of peak shift, peak lost and accidental peaks in the obtained spectra were properly treated in data progressing; the spectral fluctuation decreased drastically for various materials with different relative permittivities as confined units, which means the core of plasma is stabilized, attributing to the confinement effect. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis in coal shows wonderful results-the prediction fitting coefficient R-2 reaches 0.98 for ash and 0.99 for both volatile and carbon. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

Area:

Industry

Material:

Coal

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Si I 243.52 nm Si I 263.13 nm

Emmision lines:
Si I 243.52 nm
Si I 263.13 nm

Analysis of the silicone polymer surface aging profile with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Wang, X. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa87a0

Authors
Hong, X. ; Chen, C. ; Jia, Z. D. ; Wang, H. ; Wang, L. M. ; Zhao, C. L. ; Zou, L.

Keywords

laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; ageing layer depth; silicone polymer surface;SPECTROMETRY; LIBS

Abstract

Silicone rubber composite materials have been widely used in high voltage transmission lines for anti-pollution flashover. The aging surface of silicone rubber materials decreases service properties, causing loss of the anti-pollution ability. In this paper, as an analysis method requiring no sample preparation that is able to be conducted on site and suitable for nearly all types of materials, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used for the analysis of newly prepared and aging (out of service) silicone rubber composites. With scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and hydrophobicity test, LIBS was proven to be nearly non-destructive for silicone rubber. Under the same LIBS testing parameters, a linear relationship was observed between ablation depth and laserpulses number. With the emission spectra, all types of elements and their distribution in samples along the depth direction from the surface to the inner part were acquired and verified with EDS results. This research showed that LIBS was suitable to detect the aging layer depth and element distribution of the silicone rubber surface.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Silicone rubber

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Si I 212.41 nm Si I 221.09 nm Si I 243.52 nm Si I 250.69 nm Si I 251.92 nm Si I 252.41 nm Si I 253.24 nm Si I 263.13 nm Si I 288.16 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 280.27 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na II 423.10 nm

Emmision lines:
Si I 212.41 nm
Si I 221.09 nm
Si I 243.52 nm
Si I 250.69 nm
Si I 251.92 nm
Si I 252.41 nm
Si I 253.24 nm
Si I 263.13 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Na II 423.10 nm

Assessment of exposure to airborne carbon nanotubes by laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy analysis of filter samples

Author: Sirven, J. B. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00121e

Authors
Amdaoud, M. ; Clavaguera, S. ; Dewalle, P. ; Fauvet, V. ; Gensdarmes, F. ; Golanski, L. ; Guiot, A. ; Motellier, S. ; Ouf, F. X. ; Pontreau, S. ; Quere, C. ; Roynette, A. ; Tabarant, M.

Keywords

INDUCED PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY; HEAVY-METAL AEROSOLS; X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE; PARTICULATE MATTER; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION; NANOMATERIALS; WORKPLACES; APPRAISAL; RELEASE; COBALT

Abstract

Exposure assessment is a key step in the evaluation of the risk induced by the handling of engineered nanomaterials. It is a very complex task, because several properties of nanoparticles are assumed to have an effect on their hazards. For exposure monitoring at the workplace, real-time onsite measurements are commonly implemented to measure the particles size and number density, whereas the sampled material is subsequently analysed by electron microscopy. A complementary approach would consist in doing onsite chemical analysis of the filter samples, in order to routinely monitor a potential chronic exposure. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has distinctive advantages for this purpose. Therefore, this work aims at evaluating the performances of LIBS to assess the exposure to airborne carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at the workplace. As carbon is a ubiquitous element in the environment, our strategy was to target metal impurities in CNTs, aluminum and iron in our case. Then, we proceeded in three steps. First, we optimized the choice of the filter type to get the lowest detection limit for both elements. Secondly, this filter was used to quantitatively measure deposited CNTs. Eventually, we conducted an onsite measurement campaign in an industrial CNT production plant to evaluate the exposure in a real situation. We demonstrated that we could reach a detection limit for CNTs compliant with the current NIOSH recommendation of 1 mu g m(-3), and that the detected CNTs during the onsite campaign in areas accessible to workers were at an extremely low concentration, several orders of magnitude lower than this recommendation.

Area:

Environment ; Industry

Material:

Carbon nanotube

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 193.09 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 404.58 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 193.09 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Fe I 404.58 nm

Quantitative analysis of common elements in steel using a handheld mu-LIBS instrument

Author: Afgan, M. S. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00219j

Authors
Hou, Z. Y. ; Wang, Z.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRUM STANDARDIZATION METHOD; PARTIAL LEAST-SQUARES; MICROCHIP LASER; CARBON ANALYSIS; MN; SPECTROMETRY; CONFINEMENT; IMPROVEMENT; REGRESSION

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was named a future superstar. Nevertheless, in the last couple of years, several commercial instruments of LIBS and its different variants have become available on a limited scale due to the confinement of quantitative analysis. In this paper, quantitative analysis of various steel samples using a specially designed handheld mu-LIBS instrument and dominant factor based partial-least squares (PLS) regression with spectral standardization is presented. Average absolute measurement errors of 0.019, 0.039, 0.013 and 0.001% for the elements of Si, Cr, Mn and Ni, respectively, were achieved. The average relative standard deviation (RSD) for these elements was less than 5%. A linear calibration response was obtained for C which is difficult to achieve using traditional PLS and for Cu whose concentration in the samples is very low. The results are better than the results of previous LIBS studies using mu J lasers or portable handheld devices, comparable to those obtained using conventional benchtop LIBS systems and better than those of commercial handheld XRF instruments. The present work presents the best results for steel analysis using portable LIBS systems so far and shows the feasibility of the technology for real industrial applications.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

C I 193.09 nm C I 247.86 nm C I 503.91 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr II 313.21 nm Cr I 534.58 nm Cr II 336.80 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 324.75 nm Cu I 327.40 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 193.09 nm
C I 247.86 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Cr II 313.21 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Cu I 327.40 nm
Cr II 336.80 nm
C I 503.91 nm
Cr I 534.58 nm

Classification and discrimination of coal ash by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) coupled with advanced chemometric methods

Author: Zhang, T. L. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00218a

Authors
Li, H. ; Qi, J. ; Tang, H. S. ; Yan, C. H.

Keywords

INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS; SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES; NEURAL-NETWORK WNN; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; RANDOM FOREST; FLY-ASH; WAVELET-TRANSFORM; UNBURNED CARBON; SIGNAL; MODEL

Abstract

The classification and identification of coal ash contributes to recycling and reuse of metallurgical waste. This work explores the combination of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique and independent component analysis-wavelet neural network (ICA-WNN) for the classification analysis of coal ash. A series of coal ash samples were compressed into pellets and prepared for LIBS measurements. At first, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify and remove abnormal spectra in order to optimize the training set for the WNN model. And then, ICA was employed to select and optimize input variables for the WNN model. The classification of coal ash was carried out by using the WNN model with optimized model parameters (the number of hidden neurons (NHN), the number of iterations (NI), the learning rate (LR) and the momentum) and input variables optimized by ICA. Under the optimized WNN model parameters, the coal ash samples for test sets were identified and classified by using WNN and artificial neural network (ANN) models, and the WNN model shows a better classification performance. It was confirmed that the LIBS technique coupled with the WNN method is a promising approach to achieve the online analysis and process control of the coal industry.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Coal ash

Elements:

Emmision lines:

A portable multi-collector system based on an artificial optical compound eye for stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Li, W. T. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00173h

Authors
Guo, L. B. ; Hao, Z. Q. ; Li, J. M. ; Li, X. ; Li, X. Y. ; Lu, Y. F. ; Tang, S. S. ; Yang, P. ; Yang, X. Y. ; Yi, R. X. ; Zeng, X. Y.

Keywords

IN-SITU; LIBS; STEELS; CLASSIFICATION; EXPLORATION; ELEMENTS; SPECTRA; SAMPLES; SOIL; MN

Abstract

Stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (ST-LIBS) has attracted increasing attention as a valuable method for the remote analysis of materials. In this work, a multi-collector (MC) system combining low cost small lenses imitating the structure and shape of an artificial optical compound eye (AOCE) is presented to enhance the spectral intensity of ST-LIBS. The volume of the MC system is one eighteenth smaller than that of a telescope system and the number of collectors can be flexibly changed according to the requirements. The mechanisms of spectral enhancement are also discussed. In order to illustrate the performance of the MC system, the spectral intensities and the limits of detection (LoDs) of Mn and Cr elements acquired by the telescope system and the MC system were compared at a distance of 2 meters. The results showed that the spectral intensity acquired from the MC system was enhanced by 2.2 times, and the LoDs of Mn and Cr were decreased to 294 mu g g(-1) and 49 mu g g(-1). These results indicate that the MC system has great potential in providing a portable, flexible and effective collection method for remote detection.

Area:

Industry ; Multieye ; Portable

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 492.05 nm Fe I 522.72 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 520.60 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mn I 482.35 nm

Emmision lines:
Mn I 482.35 nm
Fe I 492.05 nm
Cr I 520.60 nm
Fe I 522.72 nm

Analysis of charcoal blast furnace slags by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Bhatt, C. R. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Optics (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1364/AO.56.007789

Authors
Edenborn, H. M. ; Goueguel, C. L. ; Jain, J. C. ; McIntyre, D. L.

Keywords

RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; SPACE EXPLORATION; IRON OBJECTS; STEEL WORKS; ICP-MS; LIBS; SPECTROMETRY; UNIVARIATE; SAMPLES; CURVES

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used for the analysis of charcoal blast furnace slags. Plasma was generated by an application of a 1064 nm wavelength Nd:YAG laser beam to the surface of pellets created from the slags. The presence of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Si was determined by identifying their characteristic spectral signatures. Multivariate analysis was performed for the quantification of these elements. The predicted LIBS results were found in agreement with the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry analysis. The limit of detection for Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Si was calculated to be 0.10%, 0.22%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.01%, 0.005%, and 0.18%, respectively. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

Furnace slag

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Spatially resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in laminar premixed methane-air flames

Author: Tian, Z. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.08.001

Authors
Dong, M. R. ; Li, S. S. ; Lu, J. D.

Keywords

Laminar premixed methane-air flame; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Flames structure; Radial distribution;BURNING COAL PARTICLE; POLARIZATION SPECTROSCOPY; ANALYTICAL TOOL; ATOMIC SODIUM; JET FLAME; SPECTROMETRY; OH; TEMPERATURE; SPARK; RATIO

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy was evaluated for the analysis of the structure of laminar premixed methane-air flames. Firstly, breakdown threshold pulse energy and plasma energy in different areas of the flame were measured simultaneously, and an approximate linear relation between them was detected. Secondly, a new approach was proposed to qualitatively characterize the flame temperature distributions based on the plasma energy distributions. Finally, combination of the spatial analysis of the spectrum intensity, plasma energy and equivalence ratio, the laminar premixed flames structure was investigated deeply, including the distribution of the flame temperature, the width and distribution of different flame region (e.g. premixed combustion regions, high temperature regions.),as well as the location of the flame front. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Methane-air flame

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

N I 742.36 nm N I 744.23 nm N I 746.83 nm

Lines [nm]:

H I 656.27 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 247.86 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.19 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
H I 656.27 nm
N I 742.36 nm
N I 744.23 nm
N I 746.83 nm
O I 777.19 nm

Sensitive elemental detection using microwave-assisted laser-induced breakdown imaging

Author: Iqbal, A. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.07.008

Authors
Alwahabi, Z. T. ; Sun, Z. W. ; Wall, M.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS); Signal enhancement; Microwave assisted; Imaging;SPECTROSCOPY LIBS; PLASMA; ENHANCEMENT; DISCHARGE

Abstract

This study reports a sensitive spectroscopic method for quantitative elemental detection by manipulating the temporal and spatial parameters of laser-inducedplasma. The method was tested for indium detection in solid samples, in which laser ablation was used to generate a tiny plasma. The lifetime of the laser-induced plasma can be extended to hundreds of microseconds using microwave injection to remobilize the electrons. In this novel method, temporal integrated signal of indium emission was significantly enhanced. Meanwhile, the projected detectable area of the excited indium atoms was also significantly improved using an interference-, instead of diffraction-, based technique, achieved by directly imaging microwave-enhanced plasma through a novel narrow-bandpass filter, exactly centered at the indium emission line. Quantitative laser-induce breakdown spectroscopy was also recorded simultaneously with the new imaging method. The intensities recorded from both methods exhibit very good mutual linear relationship. The detection intensity was improved to 14-folds because of the combined improvements in the plasma lifetime and the area of detection. Crown Copyright (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Indium

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

In I 451.13 nm

Emmision lines:
In I 451.13 nm

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy thickness measurements of films thinner than ablation rate

Author: Nishijima, D. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.08.007

Authors
Doerner, R. P. ; Hollmann, E. M. ; Miyamoto, M.

Keywords

LIBS; Thin films; Thickness;

Abstract

A new laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIES) technique is proposed to measure the thickness of films thinner than the ablation rate. The film thickness dependence of the signal intensity is used as a calibration curve. It is demonstrated that calibration curves are successfully made for thin W films and (Fe, Cr, Ni) mixed-material films produced in a magnetron sputtering device. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Magnetron produced thin film

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 425.44 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 438.35 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ni I 378.35 nm

Lines [nm]:

W I 429.46 nm

Emmision lines:
Ni I 378.35 nm
Cr I 425.44 nm
W I 429.46 nm
Fe I 438.35 nm

On the elemental analysis of different cigarette brands using laser induced breakdownspectroscopy and laser-ablation time of flight mass spectrometry

Author: Ahmed, N. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.08.006

Authors
Ahmed, R. ; Baig, M. A. ; Umar, Z. A.

Keywords

LIBS; Cigarette brands; Elemental composition; Plasma parameters; LA-TOF-mass spectrometry;TOBACCO; CRYSTAL; SAMPLES; PLASMA

Abstract

We present qualitative and quantitative analysis of the trace elements present in different brands of tobacco available in Pakistan using laser inducedbreakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser ablation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (LA-TOFMS). The compositional analysis using the calibration free LIBS technique is based on the observed emission spectra of the laser produced plasma plume whereas the elemental composition analysis using IA-TOFMS is based on the mass spectra of the ions produced by laser ablation. The optical emission spectra of these samples contain spectral lines of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, silicon, strontium, barium, lithium and aluminum with varying intensities. The corresponding mass spectra of the elements were detected in LA-TOF-MS with their composition concentration. The analysis of different brands of cigarettes demonstrates that LIBS coupled with a LA-TOF-MS is a powerful technique for the elemental analysis of the trace elements in any solid sample. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Agriculture ; Industry

Material:

Cigarette

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 428.94 nm Ca I 429.90 nm Ca I 431.87 nm Ca I 458.15 nm Ca I 487.81 nm Ca I 558.88 nm Ca I 559.85 nm Ca I 585.75 nm Ca I 612.22 nm Ca I 616.13 nm Ca I 644.98 nm Ca I 647.17 nm Ca I 649.38 nm Ca II 315.89 nm Ca II 317.96 nm Ca II 370.60 nm Ca II 373.69 nm Ca II 849.80 nm Ca II 854.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 383.23 nm Mg II 280.27 nm Mg II 279.55 nm

Emmision lines:
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Ca II 315.89 nm
Ca II 317.96 nm
Ca II 370.60 nm
Ca II 373.69 nm
Mg I 383.23 nm
Ca I 428.94 nm
Ca I 429.90 nm
Ca I 431.87 nm
Ca I 458.15 nm
Ca I 487.81 nm
Ca I 558.88 nm
Ca I 559.85 nm
Ca I 585.75 nm
Ca I 612.22 nm
Ca I 616.13 nm
Ca I 644.98 nm
Ca I 647.17 nm
Ca I 649.38 nm
Ca II 849.80 nm
Ca II 854.21 nm

Femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: Elemental imaging of thin films with high spatial resolution

Author: Ahamer, C. M. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.08.005

Authors
Huber, N. ; Pedarnig, J. D. ; Riepl, K. M.

Keywords

Femtosecond laser ablation; Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS); Spectrochemical imaging; YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO); Thin film;OPTICAL-EMISSION SPECTROMETRY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ABLATION; SURFACE; SAMPLES; LIBS; PULSES; IDENTIFICATION; METALS; DAMAGE

Abstract

We investigate femtosecond laser-induced breakdown-spectroscopy (fs-LIBS) for the spectrochemical imaging of thin films with high spatial resolution. Chemical images are obtained by recording LIBS spectra at each site of 2D raster-scans across the samples employing one fs-laser pulse per site. The diffraction images of the Echelle spectrometer are binned to reduce the read-out time of the intensified CCD detector and to increase the stability of the emission signals against peak drifts in the echellograms. For copper thin films on glass the intensities of Cu I emission lines and the size of ablation craters vary non-monotonously with the film thickness h(Cu) = 5-500 nm. The emission efficiency, defined as the Cu I line intensity per ablated volume, strongly decreases for films thicker than the optical penetration depth. The Na I line intensity from glass increases exponentially with decreasing Cu film thickness. For yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) thin films on MgO various atomic and molecular emission lines of the laser-induced plasma are measured (film thickness h(YBCO) = 200-1000 nm). The obtained element (Y, Ba, Cu, Mg) and molecular (Y-O) fs-LIBS images match the structure of the micro-patterned YBCO films very well. The achieved lateral resolution delta r = 6 mu m is among the best values reported for spectrochemical LIBS imaging. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Femtosecond ; Industry

Material:

Metal ; YBCO film

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 458.70 nm Cu I 465.11 nm Cu I 510.55 nm Cu I 515.32 nm Cu I 521.82 nm Cu I 578.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 517.27 nm Mg I 518.36 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ba II 455.40 nm Ba II 493.41 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mn I 482.35 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Ba II 455.40 nm
Cu I 458.70 nm
Cu I 465.11 nm
Y I 467.49 nm
Mn I 482.35 nm
Ba II 493.41 nm
Cu I 510.55 nm
Cu I 515.32 nm
Mg I 517.27 nm
Mg I 518.36 nm
Cu I 521.82 nm
Cu I 578.21 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm

Fast identification of steel bloom composition at a rolling mill by laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy

Author: Sturm, V. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.08.009

Authors
Eisbach, J. ; Fleige, R. ; Fricke-Begemann, C. ; Meinhardt, C.

Keywords

LIBS; Steel analysis; Material identification; Rolling mill; Production control;QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; SAMPLES; SPECTROMETRY; LIBS

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is applied for the elemental analysis of steel blooms in a rolling mill. The 2-3 tons steel blooms with superficial scale are transported in a sequence on a roller table to successive processing steps. Laser ablation of the scale and the analysis of the subsurface bulk steel is carried out using the same laser in <50 s during scheduled stop times of the roller table. Up to 14 elements such as Ni, Cr, and Mo are measured for several hundreds of blooms of low and high alloy steel during routine production. The comparison of the measured with the nominal compositions, results in root mean square errors of prediction in the range of 0.01-0.2 m.-%. The rolling sequence is clearly reflected by the LIBS measurement of the individual blooms demonstrating the feasibility for material identification. Identification rates are estimated from computer simulations by permutation of the LIBS measured values and the reference values from the rolling sequence. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe II 273.07 nm Fe I 311.66 nm Fe I 328.68 nm Fe I 341.31 nm Fe I 352.13 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ni I 341.48 nm Ni I 352.45 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr II 279.22 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cu II 212.60 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mo I 317.03 nm

Emmision lines:
Cu II 212.60 nm
Fe II 273.07 nm
Cr II 279.22 nm
Fe I 311.66 nm
Mo I 317.03 nm
Fe I 328.68 nm
Fe I 341.31 nm
Ni I 341.48 nm
Fe I 352.13 nm
Ni I 352.45 nm

Combining Broadband Spectra and Machine Learning to Derive Material Properties

Author: Buckey, S. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI:

Authors

Keywords

BUILDING EXPERT-SYSTEMS; FUEL PROPERTIES; SPECTROSCOPY; MODEL

Abstract

A quiet but interesting trend has been occurring in material analysis, coincident with the rise of artificial intelligence (Al) and so-called ""deep"" machine learning methods. Astute spectroscopists have always known that there is more information in the spectra that they obtain than simply the molecular or atomic peaks that are directly measured. Particularly with methods such as infrared, Raman, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), the spectral background contains a wealth of information about the sample, and analytical combinations of the peaks can provide material properties. Traditionally, such analytical combinations of peaks were performed explicitly by analysts, but now information about material properties embedded in the spectra can be derived implicitly by Al and machine learning algorithms. This column introduces these ideas and touches on recent results indicative of what more may be coming in this direction.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Coal

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Investigation on Accurate Proximate Analysis of Coal Using Laser-Induced BreakdownSpectroscopy

Author: Zhang, L. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2017)10-3198-06

Authors
Dong, L. ; Hou, J. J. ; Jia, S. T. ; Ma, W. G. ; Xiao, L. T. ; Yin, W. B. ; Zhao, Y.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Proximate analysis of coal; Spectral fitting; Support vector machine;LIBS; SYSTEM

Abstract

Online accurate proximate analysis of coal is vitally important to the optimization of industrial production and reduction in coal consumption. However, due to the ""matrix effect"" caused by the complex and diverse coal species in China, the measurement accuracy needs to be improved by using laser-inducedbreakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). In our experiment, both the spectral pretreatment method and the calibration model for the conversion of laser induced coal plasma spectra to the coal proximate analysis results were optimized. Experimental results showed that, compared with the traditional method, the proposed single or multiple-peak Lorentzian spectral fitting for spectral line intensity calculation reduced the mean RSD from 12. 1% to 9. 7%. For kernel function parameters optimization, the mean absolute error (MAE) of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) was smaller than that of the grid parameter (Grid) and the genetic algorithm (GA). The root mean square error (RMSEP) of support vector machine (SVM) regression model based on PSO parameter optimization was less than that of partial least squares regression (PLS). By combining the single- or multiple-peak Lorentzian spectral fitting method with the PSO based SVM for regression modeling, the average absolute errors (AAE) of predicted proximate analysis results were certified to be: 1. 37% for coal ash content of 16%similar to 30%, 1. 77% for coal ash content of 30% or more, 0. 65 MJ . kg(-1) for calorific value of 9 similar to 24 MJ . kg(-1), 1. 09% for volatile matter of 20% or less, and 1. 02% for volatile matter of 20% or more.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Coal

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Stability Enhanced Online Powdery Cement Raw Materials Quality Monitoring Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Author: Zhang, L. ; et. al.

Journal: IEEE Photonics Journal (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2017.2741066

Authors
Dong, L. ; Jia, S. T. ; Ma, W. G. ; Xiao, L. T. ; Yin, W. B.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS); laser ablation; stability; monitoring;NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; SPECTROMETRY; SULFUR; LIBS; ENVIRONMENT; FLUORINE; AEROSOLS; CHLORINE; CONCRETE; COAL

Abstract

Mastering the change of cement raw materials composition in real time has important significance to timely adjusting the proportion of raw materials and improving the quality of cement products. As a result, a greater need for online chemical sensors is evolving. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) possesses many of the characteristics required for such online chemical sensing, and is a promising technique for field measurements in harsh industrial environments. In this work, we developed a LIBS device for online cement raw materials quality monitoring in the way of ejecting gas-powder mixture, and enhanced the measurement stability through approaches including powder concentration of the ejected gas-powder stream stabilization, pulsed laser power stabilization, and optical efficiency enhancement.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Cement ; Gas ; Powder

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca II 315.89 nm Ca II 317.93 nm Ca II 318.13 nm Ca II 370.60 nm Ca II 373.69 nm Ca II 393.37 nm Ca I 422.67 nm Ca I 443.57 nm Ca I 445.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 280.27 nm Mg I 285.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 251.61 nm Si I 288.16 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 308.22 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 259.95 nm

Emmision lines:
Si I 251.61 nm
Fe I 259.95 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Al I 308.22 nm
Ca II 315.89 nm
Ca II 317.93 nm
Ca II 318.13 nm
Ca II 370.60 nm
Ca II 373.69 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Ca I 422.67 nm
Ca I 443.57 nm
Ca I 445.59 nm

Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) in Molten Metal Processing

Author: Hudson, S. W. ; et. al.

Journal: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s11663-017-1032-7

Authors
Apelian, D. ; Craparo, J. ; De Saro, R.

Keywords

IN-SITU ANALYSIS; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; ALUMINUM-ALLOY; STEEL; SPECTROMETRY; CLEANLINESS; ABLATION; EMISSIONS; MELT

Abstract

In order for metals to meet the demand for critical applications in the automotive, aerospace, and defense industries, tight control over the composition and cleanliness of the metal must be achieved. The use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for applications in metal processing has generated significant interest for its ability to perform quick analyses in situ. The fundamentals of LIBS, current techniques for deployment on molten metal, demonstrated capabilities, and possible avenues for development are reviewed and discussed.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Metal ; Molten

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.42 nm O I 777.19 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 193.09 nm

Lines [nm]:

S I 180.73 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe II 187.75 nm

Emmision lines:
S I 180.73 nm
Fe II 187.75 nm
C I 193.09 nm
O I 777.19 nm
O I 777.42 nm

Depth profiling of galvanoaluminium-nickel coatings on steel by UV- and VIS-LIBS

Author: Nagy, T. O. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Surface Science (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.12.059

Authors
Giesriegl, A. ; Kautek, W. ; Pacher, U. ; Weimerskirch, M. J. J.

Keywords

LIBS stratigraphy; Galvanic coatings; Ablation rate; Plasma shielding; Light-plasma interaction; Depth profiling;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROMETRY; ION-BEAM ANALYSIS; PULSED-LASER DEPOSITION; REDUCED PRESSURE; JEWELRY INDUSTRY; PURE METALS; ABLATION; SPECTROSCOPY; FILMS; THICKNESS

Abstract

Laser-induced depth profiling was applied to the investigation of galvanised steel sheets as a typical modern multi-layer coating system for environmental corrosion protection. The samples were ablated stepwise by the use of two different wavelengths of a frequency-converted Nd:YAG-laser, 266nm and 532nm, with a pulse duration of tau = 4ns at fluences ranging from F=50 to 250 J cm(-2). The emission light of the resulting plasma was analysed as a function of both penetration depth and elemental spectrum in terms of linear correlation analysis. Elemental depth profiles were calculated and compared to EDX-cross sections of the cut sample. A proven mathematical algorithm designed for the reconstruction of layer structures from distorted emission traces caused by the Gaussian ablation profile can even resolve thin intermediate layers in terms of depth and thickness. The obtained results were compared to a purely thermally controlled ablation model. Thereby light-plasma coupling is suggested to be a possible cause of deviations in the ablation behaviour of Al. The average ablation rate h as a function of fluence F for Ni ranges from 1 to 3.5 mu m/pulse for lambda = 266nm as well as for lambda =532nm. In contrast, the range of h for Al differs from 2 to 4 mu m/pulse for lambda = 532 nm and 4 to 8 mu m/pulse for lambda = 266 nm in the exact same fluence range on the exact same sample. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Depth profiling ; Industry

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Characterization of organic photovoltaic devices using femtosecond laser induced breakdownspectroscopy

Author: Banerjee, S. P. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Surface Science (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.136

Authors
Anglos, D. ; Loulakis, M. ; Sarnet, T. ; Sentis, M. ; Siozos, P.

Keywords

LIBS; Femtosecond; Organic solar cell; Selective ablation; Depth profiling;DEPTH-RESOLVED ANALYSIS; SELECTIVE ABLATION; SOLAR-CELLS; SPECTROMETRY; LIBS; ABSORPTION; COATINGS; SPECTRA; SAMPLES; PULSES

Abstract

The potential of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a non-contact probe, for characterizing organic photovoltaic devices during selective laserscribing, was investigated. Samples from organic solar cells were studied, which consisted of several layers of materials including a top electrode (Al, Mg or Mo), organic layer, bottom electrode (indium tin oxide), silicon nitride barrier layer and substrate layer situated from the top consecutively. The thickness of individual layers varies from 115 to 250 nm. LIBS measurements were performed by use of a 40 femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser operated at very low pulse energy (<10 micro-joule) to ensure a fine depth-profiling of the very thin layers. Probing a fixed spot on the sample with successive laser pulses, produced plasma emission spectra corresponding to individual laser ablation events. This enabled discrimination of the different layers on the basis of characteristic spectral lines reflecting key elemental constituents of each layer in the organic solar cell structure, demonstrating the potential of LIBS for fast, non-contact characterization of organic photovoltaic coatings. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Photovoltaic

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 250.69 nm Si I 288.16 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mo I 379.83 nm Mo I 386.41 nm

Lines [nm]:

In I 303.93 nm In I 410.17 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 247.86 nm

...

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
Si I 250.69 nm
Sn I 270.65 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
In I 303.93 nm
Mo I 379.83 nm
Mo I 386.41 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
In I 410.17 nm

The basicity analysis of sintered ore using laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) combined with random forest regression (RFR)

Author: Yang, G. ; et. al.

Journal: Analytical Methods (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1039/c7ay01389b

Authors
Ding, Y. ; Han, X. ; Liu, K. ; Tian, D. ; Wang, C. H. ; Yao, L.

Keywords

SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; IRON-ORES; CLASSIFICATION; SPECTROMETRY; SAMPLES; PLASMA; INDUSTRY; ALLOYS; MODEL

Abstract

The basicity of sintered ore, which is related to the melting point of the sinter, is vital to ore mining and blastfurnace smelting. Laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy (LIBS) with random forest regression (RFR) has been applied for measuring the basicity of sintered ore, which can be defined by the concentrations of oxides: CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO. In this work, thirty sintered ore samples are used, of which twenty samples are used for the calibration set to construct the random forest regression (RFR) calibration model for the above-mentioned oxides and ten samples are used for the test set. The characteristic lines of the main components in the sintered ore are identified using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database. Two model parameters (the number of decision trees -ntree and the number of random variables - m(try)) of the RFR were optimized by out-of-bag (OOB) error estimation for improving the predictive accuracy of the RFR model. The RFR model was applied to sample measurements and the results were compared with partial least squares regression (PLSR) models. The RFR model has shown better predictive capabilities than the PLSR model. In order to verify the stability of the RFR model, fifty measurements were made and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the data is between 0.27% and 0.59%. Therefore, LIBS combined with RFR could be a promising method for realtime online, rapid analysis in mining and mineral processing industries.

Area:

Industry ; Mining

Material:

Ore

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Elemental profiling of laser cladded multilayer coatings by laser induced breakdownspectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

Author: Lednev, V. N. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Surface Science (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.108

Authors
Bunkin, F. ; Filichkina, V. A. ; Filippov, M. N. ; Grishin, M. Y. ; Pershin, S. M. ; Sdvizhenskii, P. A. ; Stavertiy, A. Y. ; Tretyakov, R. S.

Keywords

Wear resistant coatings; Tungsten carbide; Elemental profiling; Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy; Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; Laser cladded coating;TUNGSTEN CARBIDE; MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION; COMPOSITE COATINGS; ABLATION; STEEL; LIBS; WEAR; EXCITATION; PLASMA; PULSES

Abstract

Multilayer tungsten carbide wear resistant coatings were analyzed by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Coaxial laser cladding technique was utilized to produce tungsten carbide coating deposited on low alloy steel substrate with additional inconel 625 interlayer. EDX and LIBS techniques were used for elemental profiling of major components (Ni, W, C, Fe, etc.) in the coating. A good correlation between EDX and LIBS data was observed while LIBS provided additional information on light element distribution (carbon). A non-uniform distribution of tungsten carbide grains along coating depth was detected by both LIBS and EDX. In contrast, horizontal elemental profiling showed a uniform tungsten carbide particles distribution. Depth elemental profiling by layer by-layer LIBS analysis was demonstrated to be an effective method for studying tungsten carbide grains distribution in wear resistant coating without any sample preparation. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Steel ; Tugsten carbide

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ni II 241.61 nm Ni II 243.79 nm Ni II 251.09 nm Ni I 503.54 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe II 247.86 nm Fe I 489.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

W II 248.88 nm W I 505.33 nm

Lines [nm]:

B I 249.77 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 247.86 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Ni II 241.61 nm
Ni II 243.79 nm
C I 247.86 nm
Fe II 247.86 nm
W II 248.88 nm
B I 249.77 nm
Ni II 251.09 nm
Si I 252.85 nm
Cr I 483.96 nm
Fe I 489.15 nm
Ni I 503.54 nm
W I 505.33 nm

Investigation of nonuniform surface properties of classically manufactured fused silica windows

Author: Gerhard, C. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Optics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/AO.56.007427

Authors
Hermann, J. ; Tasche, D. ; Uteza, O.

Keywords

POLISHING-INDUCED CONTAMINATION; INDUCED DAMAGE THRESHOLD; X-RAY REFLECTION; REFRACTIVE-INDEX; ROUGHNESS; OPTICS; GLASS; MITIGATION; CRACKS; ELLIPSOMETRY

Abstract

We report on investigations of the spatial variations of contamination, roughness, and index of refraction of classically manufactured polished fused silica surfaces. Therefore, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy was used to probe surface and subsurface impurities via the detection of aluminum. Measurements at different positions on the surface of the cylindrical fused silica windows evidenced an almost contamination-free center region, whereas a relatively large contamination area was found close to the edge. In-depth measurements verify the presence of aluminum atoms in the bulk until a depth of several tens of microns for the edge region. In addition, atomic force microscopic measurements show that the surface roughness is larger in the center region compared to the edge. Further, the index of refraction increases from the center region towards the edge as measured via ellipsometry. The results indicate a nonuniform impact of the grinding, lapping, and polishing tools on the surface. The findings turn out to be of specific interest for different applications, particularly for the realization of large-scale high-performance coatings. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

Fused silica

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Characterization of laser-induced plasmas as a complement to high-explosive large-scale detonations

Author: Kimblin, C. ; et. al.

Journal: AIP Advances (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1063/1.4999793

Authors
Capelle, G. A. ; Mao, X. L. ; Russo, R. E. ; Trainham, R.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; EMISSION-SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-EMISSION; ABLATION; AIR; CARBON; ALO; TEMPERATURE; GENERATION; CHEMISTRY

Abstract

Experimental investigations into the characteristics of laser-induced plasmas indicate that LIBS provides a relatively inexpensive and easily replicable laboratory technique to isolate and measure reactions germane to understanding aspects of high-explosive detonations under controlled conditions. Spectral signatures and derived physical parameters following laser ablation of aluminum, graphite and laser-sparked air are examined as they relate to those observed following detonation of high explosives and as they relate to shocked air. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) reliably correlates reactions involving atomic Al and aluminum monoxide (AlO) with respect to both emission spectra and temperatures, as compared to small-and large-scale high-explosive detonations. Atomic Al and AlO resulting from laser ablation and a cited small-scale study, decay within similar to 10(-5) s, roughly 100 times faster than the Al and AlO decay rates (similar to 10(-3) s) observed following the large-scale detonation of an Al-encased explosive. Temperatures and species produced in laser-sparked air are compared to those produced with laser ablated graphite in air. With graphite present, CN is dominant relative to N-2(+). In studies where the height of the ablating laser's focus was altered relative to the surface of the graphite substrate, CN concentration was found to decrease with laser focus below the graphite surface, indicating that laser intensity is a critical factor in the production of CN, via reactive nitrogen. (C) 2017 Author(s).

Area:

Industry ; Military

Material:

Air ; Aluminium ; Graphite

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Al II 281.62 nm Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm Al II 358.71 nm Al II 466.31 nm Al II 704.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.19 nm O I 777.42 nm

Lines [nm]:

H I 656.27 nm

Lines [nm]:

N I 746.83 nm

Emmision lines:
Al II 281.62 nm
Al II 358.71 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Al II 466.31 nm
H I 656.27 nm
Al II 704.21 nm
N I 746.83 nm
O I 777.19 nm
O I 777.42 nm

Procedure for Matrix Effect Reduction in Metal Analysis Using Laser-Induced BreakdownSpectroscopy

Author: Al-Eshaikh, M. A. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Applied Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s10812-017-0536-x

Authors

Keywords

LIBS quantitative analysis; reduction of matrix effect; internal standard calibration; normalization; correction of self-absorption;PART II; SAMPLES; PARAMETERS

Abstract

A procedure for matrix effect reduction is proposed to enhance the precision of quantitative analysis of metal alloys using laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy (LIBS). This procedure is based on a number of successive steps in order to correct the signal fluctuations caused by plasma interaction and the matrix effect. The first step is the selection of optimum parameter settings of the detection system, such as laser power, delay time, and focal distance. The second step is the estimation of the absolute or relative values of impurities on the basis of the internal standard calibration. The third step is the analysis of the metal basis of the alloy used as an internal standard, which requires spectrum averaging, whole integral spectrum normalization, and self-absorption correction. Three sets of metal-based alloys (aluminum, steel, and copper) are used in this investigation as reference standards for calibration and validation. Successive improvements of the quality of calibration curves are observed during the proposed procedure.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Aluminium alloy ; Copper alloy ; Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cu II 204.38 nm Cu I 282.44 nm Cu I 324.75 nm Cu I 465.11 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 344.06 nm Fe I 382.04 nm Fe I 432.58 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ni I 471.44 nm Ni I 344.63 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 383.83 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 393.57 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Cu II 204.38 nm
Cu I 282.44 nm
Sn I 284.00 nm
Pb I 287.33 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Fe I 344.06 nm
Ni I 344.63 nm
Fe I 382.04 nm
Mn I 383.44 nm
Mg I 383.83 nm
Al I 393.57 nm
Fe I 432.58 nm
Cr I 435.18 nm
Cu I 465.11 nm
Zn I 468.01 nm
Ni I 471.44 nm

The Detection of Trace Wear Elements in Engine Oil Using Indirect Ablation-Laser InducedBreakdown Spectroscopy

Author: Xiu, J. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2017)09-2885-06

Authors
Dong, L. L. ; Liu, Y. Y. ; Qin, H.

Keywords

Wear elements in engine oil; Indirect ablation laser induced breakdown spectroscopy; Matrix effect; Calibration curves;LUBRICATING OILS; CRUDE-OIL; QUANTITATIVE-DETERMINATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; METALS

Abstract

Engine oil plays an important role in the engine operation. Elements composition and concentration in engine oil will be changed as the engine operates, which can lead to the deterioration of engine oil, and the engine thereby will be worse. A rapid and effective detection approach for oil performance, therefore, is proposed to prevent further deterioration. Indirect ablation laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (IA-LIES) is a new technology introduced specially for oil samples, which focuses on the indirect ablation of oil samples by metallic plasma with high temperature, improving the detection sensitivity and stability. In this paper, the matrix effect on calibration curves of analytical elements (Mg, Fe and Ni) in different oils was investigated. The results show that the matrix effect is quite small and reasonably negligible. A universal calibration curve can be established for analytical metals in different types of oil, and the linear fitting coefficients are all superior to 0. 99. We used the universal calibration curves to determine the concentrations of Mg, Fe and Ni in mixed oils. The IA-LIES results show a good agreement between the measured and known values. The IA-LIBS is further improved and can promote the detection of engine oil performance, which has important scientific significance for the diagnosis of engine wear.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Engine ; Oil

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Quantification of trace metals in infant formula premixes using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Cama-Moncunill, R. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.06.014

Authors
Cama-Moncunill, X. ; Casado-Gavalda, M. P. ; Cullen, P. J. ; Dixit, Y. ; Markiewicz-Keszycka, M. ; Sullivan, C.

Keywords

LIBS; Trace-element premixes; Univariate analysis; Multivariate analysis; PLS;SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; LIBS; ADULTERATION; COPPER; MILK; BEEF

Abstract

Infant formula is a human milk substitute generally based upon fortified cow milk components. In order to mimic the composition of breast milk, trace elements such as copper, iron and zinc are usually added in a single operation using a premix. The correct-addition of premixes must be verified to ensure that the target levels in infant formulae are achieved. In this study, a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system was assessed as a fast validation tool for trace element premixes. LIBS is a promising emission spectroscopic technique for elemental analysis, which offers real-time analyses, little to no sample preparation and ease of use. LIBS was employed for copper and iron determinations of premix samples ranging approximately from 0 to 120 mg/kg Cu/1640 mg/kg Fe. LIES spectra are affected by several parameters, hindering subsequent quantitative analyses. This work aimed at testing three matrix-matched calibration approaches (simple-linear regression, multi-linear regression and partial least squares regression (PLS)) as means for precision and accuracy enhancement of LIBS quantitative analysis. All calibration models were first developed using a training set and then validated with an independent test set. PLS yielded the best results. For instance, the PLS model for copper provided a coefficient of determination (R-2) of 0.995 and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 14 mg/kg. Furthermore, LIBS was employed to penetrate through the samples by repetitively measuring the same spot. Consequently, LIBS spectra can be obtained as a function of sample layers. This information was used to explore whether measuring deeper into the sample could reduce possible surface-contaminant effects and provide better quantifications. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry ; Nutrition

Material:

Infant formula

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 438.35 nm Fe II 259.94 nm Fe I 358.12 nm Fe I 373.49 nm Fe I 430.79 nm Fe I 432.58 nm

Lines [nm]:

N I 746.83 nm N I 818.49 nm N I 821.63 nm N I 868.03 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.19 nm O I 777.19 nm O I 844.64 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 422.67 nm Ca I 616.22 nm Ca II 393.37 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 324.75 nm Cu I 327.40 nm

...

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
Fe II 259.94 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Cu I 327.40 nm
Fe I 358.12 nm
Fe I 373.49 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Ca I 422.67 nm
Fe I 430.79 nm
Fe I 432.58 nm
Fe I 438.35 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Ca I 616.22 nm
H I 656.27 nm
N I 746.83 nm
K I 766.49 nm
O I 777.19 nm
O I 777.19 nm
N I 818.49 nm
N I 821.63 nm
O I 844.64 nm
N I 868.03 nm

Large optical phase shifts in hydrogels written with femtosecond laser pulses: elucidating the role of localized water concentration changes

Author: Gandara-Montano, G. A. ; et. al.

Journal: Optical Materials Express (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/OME.7.003162

Authors
Dudic, M. ; Haskovcova, K. ; Knox, W. H. ; Petrak, V. ; Stoy, V.

Keywords

GRADIENT-INDEX MICROLENSES; INTRAOCULAR LENSES; CONTACT-LENSES; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); INDUCEDBREAKDOWN; FUSED-SILICA; WAVE-GUIDES; IN-VIVO; POLYMERS; INTERFEROMETRY

Abstract

We describe the treatment of new hydrogels with nine different chemical compositions by femtosecond laser writing. The phase change induced in the wavefront when passing through the written areas was measured in all of these materials. The induced phase change is negative, which is attributed to the higher presence of water in the written regions and confirmed via Raman spectroscopy. The largest induced change in a single layer at 100 mm/s was -3.69 waves at 543 nm. These results show a strong dependence of the phase change on the concentration of some components and their molar ratio. We propose that some components are essential for the nonlinear energy absorption (""dopants""), while other components (""quenchers"") are essential in redirecting the absorbed energy to cause chemical reactions that profoundly change the polymer structure. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Femtosecond ; Industry

Material:

Hydrogel

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Emission Characteristics of Laser-Induced Plasma Using Collinear Long and Short Dual-Pulse Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Author: Wang, Z. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1177/0003702817693239

Authors
Deguchi, Y. ; Chong, D. T. ; Ikutomo, A. ; Liu, J. P. ; Liu, R. W. ; Shiou, F. J. ; Yan, J. J. ; Zhang, Z. Z.

Keywords

Long pulse; dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; DP-LIBS; enhancement; plasma temperature stabilization; underwater measurement;CO2-LASER PULSE; AMBIENT GAS; ABLATION; ENHANCEMENT; PRESSURES; FEASIBILITY; MAGNESIUM; DISCHARGE; SPECTRUM; LIQUIDS

Abstract

Collinear long and short dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (DP-LIBS) was employed to clarify the emission characteristics from laser-inducedplasma. The plasma was sustained and became stable by the long pulse-width laser with the pulse width of 60s under free running (FR) conditions as an external energy source. Comparing the measurement results of stainless steel in air using single-pulse LIBS (SP-LIBS) and DP-LIBS, the emission intensity was markedly enhanced using DP-LIBS. The temperature of plasma induced by DP-LIBS was maintained at a higher temperature under different gate delay time and short pulse-width laser power conditions compared with those measured using short SP-LIBS. Moreover, the variation rates of plasma temperatures measured using DP-LIBS were also lower. The superior detection ability was verified by the measurement of aluminum sample in water. The spectra were clearly detected using DP-LIBS, whereas it cannot be identified using SP-LIBS of short and long pulse widths. The effects of gate delay time and short pulse-width laser power were also discussed. These results demonstrate the feasibility and enhanced detection ability of the proposed collinear long and short DP-LIBS method.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Aluminium ; Steel

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Argon fluoride LA-LEAF for rapid arsenic quantitation

Author: Merten, J. A. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00092h

Authors
Jones, C. A. ; Tribbett, P. D.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; EXCITED ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; ABLATION; LIBS; SPECTROMETRY; MECHANISM; METALS; WASTE

Abstract

Coupling laser-induced fluorescence to laser ablation can reduce detection limits relative to LIBS. The wing of the broadband similar to 193.3 nm emission from unmodified argon fluoride lasers can excite arsenic fluorescence via its 193.76 nm ground state transition for a simple fluorescence scheme. We present argon fluoride-excited laser-ablation laser-excited atomic fluorescence (LA-LEAF) measurements in steel and copper under argon and helium atmospheres. Because the ArF laser saturates the absorption transition and the steel samples show substantial nonspecific iron fluorescence, it is necessary to optimize the laser energy in addition to interpulse delay. LODs are slightly lower under helium (1.0 ppm in steel, 0.15 ppm in copper). These detection limits represent a modest improvement over previous LODs with LIBS, but suggest potential for improvement with line narrowing of the ArF laser.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Copper ; Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

As I 234.98 nm

Emmision lines:
As I 234.98 nm

Low pressure micro-Joule picosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and its prospective applications to minimally destructive and high resolution analysis

Author: Abdulmadjid, S. N. ; et. al.

Journal: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.7567/JJAP.56.096201

Authors
Hedwig, R. ; Jobiliong, E. ; Kagawa, K. ; Karnadi, I. ; Kurniawan, K. H. ; Lie, T. J. ; Lie, Z. S. ; Pardede, M. ; Suliyanti, M. M. ; Suyanto, H. ; Tjia, M. O. ; Wihardjo, E.

Keywords

DUAL-PULSE LIBS; INDUCED PLASMA; ABLATION EFFICIENCY; SENSITIVE ANALYSIS; HELIUM PLASMA; FEMTOSECOND; ENHANCEMENT; NANOSECOND; MICROANALYSIS; DEUTERIUM

Abstract

A time-resolved spectroscopic study is performed by using 125-500 micro-Joule (mu J) ps laser focused directly without the aid of microscope on a Cu plate sample in a variety of low-pressure ambient gases including air, helium and argon. It is shown that the ultrashort mu J laser-induced low-pressure plasma in Ar ambient gas exhibits the typical characteristics of shock wave plasma responsible for the thermal excitation and sharp emission of the analyte atoms. It is found that the highest signal to background (S/B) ratio of about 100 is achieved in 1.3 kPa argon ambient gas and detected with optical multichannel analyzer (OMA) gate delay of 1 ns and gate width of 50 mu s. The emission spectra obtained from pure Zn sample show the effective suppression of the ionic emission with ablation energy around and below 500 mu J. The experimental setup is successfully applied to Cr analysis with low detection limit in steel. In particular, its application to C analysis in steel is demonstrated to resolve the long standing problem of overlapping contributions from the neutral and ionic Fe emission. It is further found that an element of high excitation energy such as fluorine (F) can be clearly detected from a non metal teflon sample. Further, its application to alluminum sample containing various concentrations of Mg, Ca, Fe, and Si impurity elements clearly displays the existence of linear calibration lines promising for quantitative analyses in certain dynamical ranges. Finally, in view of the tiny crater sizes of less than 10 mu m diameter created by the very low ps laserenergy, this technique is promising for micrometer resolution mapping of elemental distribution on the sample surface and its depth profiling. (C) 2017 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

Area:

Industry

Material:

Copper ; Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 327.40 nm Cu I 510.55 nm Cu I 515.32 nm Cu I 521.82 nm

Lines [nm]:

F I 685.60 nm F I 687.02 nm F I 690.25 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 425.44 nm Cr I 427.48 nm Cr I 428.97 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe II 247.86 nm Fe I 247.84 nm Fe I 371.99 nm

Lines [nm]:

Zn I 481.05 nm Zn II 491.16 nm Zn II 492.40 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Fe I 247.84 nm
C I 247.86 nm
Fe II 247.86 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Cu I 327.40 nm
Fe I 371.99 nm
He I 388.87 nm
Cr I 425.44 nm
Cr I 427.48 nm
Cr I 428.97 nm
Zn I 481.05 nm
Zn II 491.16 nm
Zn II 492.40 nm
Cu I 510.55 nm
Cu I 515.32 nm
Cu I 521.82 nm
F I 685.60 nm
F I 687.02 nm
F I 690.25 nm

Detection of uranyl fluoride and sand surface contamination on metal substrates by hand-held laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Shattan, M. B. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Optics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/AO.56.009868

Authors
Auxier, J. D. ; Cook, M. T. ; Hall, H. L. ; Miller, D. J. ; Parigger, C. G. ; Stowe, A. C.

Keywords

URANIUM; LIBS; FLUORESCENCE; SPECTROMETRY; MATRICES; SAMPLES; SYSTEM; PULSE; UF6

Abstract

A hand-held device for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been investigated for the determination of uranyl fluoride surface contamination. This research demonstrates the ability to successfully detect uranium on surfaces when using a low resolving power (lambda/Delta lambda = 4000) spectrograph, with a 5 mJ energy per 1 ns pulsed laser radiation, available as a commercially packaged hand-held system. Sand/uranyl fluoride mixtures are prepared to simulate residue likely encountered during decontamination efforts at facilities that handle uranium hexafluoride. Detection limits are described for four uranium lines with one revealing the capability to detect uranium at a level of 250 parts per million. Advantages of the studied compact device include that location specific information can be obtained on-site to augment contamination identification. (c) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

Salt ; Uranium fluoride

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Homogeneous-material-based calibration method for correcting laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy measurement-error bias in the case of dust pollution

Author: Zhao, Y. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Optics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/AO.56.009644

Authors
Dong, L. ; Hou, J. J. ; Hou, Z. Y. ; Jia, S. T. ; Ma, W. G. ; Wang, Z. ; Yang, G. Y. ; Yin, W. B. ; Zhang, L.

Keywords

QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; PARAMETERS; SAMPLES; LIBS

Abstract

A calibration method based on homogeneous material for correcting laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurement-error bias in the case of dust pollution under laboratory conditions is proposed. The measured plasma spectra of the sample can be corrected by measuring the spectral integral of the homogeneous material. Thus, we can effectively minimize the dust pollution effect on LIBS and guarantee its precision. Results show that the mean absolute errors of CaO, MgO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, and SiO2 in cement samples are decreased notably from 1.02%, 0.06%, 0.15%, 0.57%, and 0.80% to 0.41%, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.35%, and 0.39%, respectively. Combination of this calibration method with the traditional optical dustproof methods will significantly extend the LIBS equipment maintenance cycle and make preliminary preparations for the next practical industrial application. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

Cement

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for three-dimensional elemental mapping of composite materials synthesized by additive technologies

Author: Lednev, V. N. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Optics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/AO.56.009698

Authors
Grishin, M. Y. ; Cheverikin, V. V. ; Peshin, M. ; Sdvizhenskii, P. A. ; Stavertiy, A. Y. ; Taksanc, M. V. ; Tretyakov, R. S.

Keywords

HIGH-SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; STEEL-INDUSTRY; CHEMICAL MAPS; SPECTROMETRY; PLASMA; IDENTIFICATION; LIBS; MICROANALYSIS; CONVERTERS; SAMPLES

Abstract

Three-dimensional multi-elemental mapping of composite wear-resistant coatings by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Individual clads of 1560 nickel alloy reinforced with tungsten carbide were synthesized by a co-axial laser cladding technique. Electron energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy revealed elemental maps for major elements (W, Ni, Co, Cr, Fe) but failed to measure silicon and carbon. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy was utilized for elemental mapping of carbon and all other elements of interest. It was demonstrated that three-dimensional elemental profiling for a few tens of micrometers requires substantial laser spot overlapping during the scanning procedure in order to achieve good accuracy of depth measurements. Elemental maps for nickel, iron, chromium, silicon, tungsten, and carbon were quantified for 900 mu m x 900 mu m x 45 mu m volume with 30 mu m lateral and 4 mu m depth resolution in the case of tungsten carbide particles in nickel alloy. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

Nickel alloy

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 193.45 nm Fe I 370.92 nm Fe I 372.76 nm Fe I 373.49 nm Fe I 374.56 nm Fe I 376.55 nm

Lines [nm]:

B I 181.83 nm B I 182.64 nm B I 208.96 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 193.09 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 190.13 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 200.00 nm

...

Emmision lines:
B I 181.83 nm
B I 182.64 nm
Si I 190.13 nm
C I 193.09 nm
Fe I 193.45 nm
Co II 194.13 nm
Cr I 200.00 nm
W II 207.91 nm
B I 208.96 nm
Fe I 370.92 nm
Fe I 372.76 nm
Fe I 373.49 nm
Fe I 374.56 nm
Fe I 376.55 nm

Thermally-Driven Unequal Cation Vacancy Formation and Its Effect on the Dielectric Properties in K0.5Na0.5NbO3 Ceramics

Author: Kim, G. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of the Korean Physical Society (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.3938/jkps.71.979

Authors
Jeen, H. ; Jeen, M. ; Kim, D. ; Kong, H. ; Lee, H. ; Mhin, S.

Keywords

Lead-free ferroelectrics; Cation vacancies; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Dielectric measurements;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; FREE PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS; SODIUM-POTASSIUM NIOBATE; ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES; (K0.5NA0.5)NBO3 CERAMICS; NA0.5K0.5NBO3 CERAMICS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; MICROSTRUCTURE; TEMPERATURE; PZT

Abstract

The formation of cation vacancies can be useful for electro-chemical devices. In this regard, an understanding of vacancy formation is an important subject for enhancing current electrochemical devices and for developing next generation energy devices. In this work, we chose the well-known lead-free ferroelectric (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (KNN) as a model system to understand both the formation of cation vacancies and the relationship between cation vacancies and the physical properties. We studied sintering-duration dependence of the dielectric properties and the cation contents of KNN ceramics at the temperatures near the melting point of KNN. The difference in sintering duration led to a drastic change in the dielectric property, as well as to the creation of cation vacancies. Interestingly, we observed unequal evaporation of cations during the sintering process, which was confirmed by the data obtained from laser-inducedbreakdown spectroscopy. In addition, we found more drastic changes in the imaginary dielectric constant, which were likely due to a decrease in ionic conducting species, such as K and Na, in KNN.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Energy device

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

K I 766.49 nm K I 769.90 nm

Lines [nm]:

Nb I 590.06 nm

Emmision lines:
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
Nb I 590.06 nm
K I 766.49 nm
K I 769.90 nm

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for Monitoring the Formation of Hydroxyapatite Porous Layers

Author: Sola, D. ; et. al.

Journal: Materials (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.3390/ma10121395

Authors
Anzano, J. ; Grima, L. ; Paules, D.

Keywords

laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; eutectic glass; bioactive materials;FLOATING-ZONE TECHNIQUE; WOLLASTONITE-TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE; EUTECTIC GLASS-CERAMICS; ND3+ IONS; WAVE-GUIDES; IN-VIVO; BIOCERAMICS; COMPOSITE; STRESSES; GROWTH

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is applied to characterize the formation of porous hydroxyapatite layers on the surface of 0.8CaSiO(3)-0.2Ca(3)(PO4)(2) biocompatible eutectic glass immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). Compositional and structural characterization analyses were also conducted by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and micro-Raman spectroscopy.

Area:

Health ; Industry

Material:

Biocompatible eutectic glass

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Si I 243.52 nm Si I 250.69 nm Si I 251.61 nm Si I 252.41 nm Si I 252.85 nm Si I 263.13 nm Si I 288.16 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 527.03 nm Ca I 559.45 nm Ca II 317.93 nm Ca II 373.69 nm Ca II 393.37 nm Ca II 396.85 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.42 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 279.55 nm

Emmision lines:
Si I 243.52 nm
Si I 250.69 nm
Si I 251.61 nm
Si I 252.41 nm
Si I 252.85 nm
Si I 263.13 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Ca II 317.93 nm
Ca II 373.69 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Ca II 396.85 nm
Ca I 527.03 nm
Ca I 559.45 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
O I 777.42 nm

Comparison of Fused Glass Beads and Pressed Powder Pellets for the Quantitative Measurement of Al, Fe, Si and Ti in Bauxite by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Author: Carvalho, A. A. C. ; et. al.

Journal: Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1111/ggr.12173

Authors
Alves, V. C. ; Leme, F. O. ; Nomura, C. S. ; Oliveira, P. V. ; Silvestre, D. M.

Keywords

laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; borate fusion; bauxite; sample preparation; matrix-match; pellet;PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; ELEMENTAL ANALYSES; LIBS; SAMPLES; GEOCHEMISTRY; FUSION

Abstract

Due to matrix interference and sample particle size effects, some of the most important and difficult issues in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis are the calibration and quantitative measurement of a complex matrix. This study proposes the use of borate fusion as an alternative sample preparation procedure for the quantitative measurement of Al, Fe, Si and Ti in bauxite by LIBS. Analytical calibration curves were made using bauxite certified reference materials (CRM), and the precision and accuracy of the methods were evaluated by analysing an additional bauxite CRM, using two different approaches: pressed powder pellets and fused glass beads. The borate fusion method was the most suitable sample preparation technique, since particle size effects and matrix interference could be minimised, obtaining better linearity on the analytical calibration curves (r(2)), and more accurate and more precise results for bauxite analysis.

Area:

Geology ; Industry

Material:

Bauxite ; Fused glass bead ; Pellet

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Al I 394.40 nm

Emmision lines:
Al I 394.40 nm

Characterization of nano Fe-III-tannic acid modified polyacrylate in controlled-release coated urea by Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy

Author: Liang, D. ; et. al.

Journal: Polymer Testing (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.09.037

Authors
Du, C. W. ; Ma, F. ; Shen, Y. Z. ; Wu, K. ; Zhou, J. M.

Keywords

Polyacrylate polymer; Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Principal component analysis;FILM FORMATION; FERTILIZER; LATEX; IDENTIFICATION; COMPLEXES

Abstract

Polyacrylate polymer (PA) has been widely applied in coating products for decades. Recently, it has been used in controlled-release fertilizers. Nano Fe-III-tannic acid modified PA (PA-Fe) provides a better nutrient controlled release performance than conventional PA. In this work, a preliminary database of molecular and elemental information about the polymer was obtained using FTIR-PAS (Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy) and LIBS (laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy), respectively. The PA-Fe polymer contained more hydrophobic groups (-CH3) and fewer hydrophilic groups (-COOR, -COOH) than PA. More elements were detected for PA-Fe than PA. LIBS was useful to identify and classify PA and PA-Fe samples using principal component analysis. The combination of spectroscopic results and a film formation process model explained the lower nutrient release rate of PA-Fe. These results showed the strong analytical capabilities of FTIR-PAS combined with LIBS for identifying and characterizing modified PA.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Polyacrylate

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

H I 656.28 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 589.20 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.19 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 556.99 nm

Lines [nm]:

K I 766.49 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Fe I 422.74 nm
Na I 556.99 nm
C I 589.20 nm
H I 656.28 nm
K I 766.49 nm
O I 777.19 nm

Capabilities and limitations of LIBS in food analysis

Author: Sezer, B. ; et. al.

Journal: TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry (2017)

Applications Review

DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.003

Authors
Bilge, G. ; Boyaci, I. H.

Keywords

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy; Food analysis; Review; Sample preparation; Food fraud;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; SELF-ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS; INDUCED PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; EMISSION-LINES; LASER-ABLATION; SURFACE; MILK; CLASSIFICATION; ADULTERATION

Abstract

Food is the main source of different elements which are essential, trace and fundamental for human diet and health. The type and level of elements in foods indicates whether it's toxic or not. Therefore, determination of elements and their amounts is crucial for food safety and quality. In order to fulfill the increasing demand on multi-elemental information for product monitoring, rapid and sensitive analytical techniques which are capable of detecting major and trace elements with good precision and accuracy are required. In this review, the most recent literature about the use of LIBS for the analysis of food and capabilities and limitations of LIBS on foods have been reported. This review provides comprehensive overview of the applications on food quality and fraud monitoring of several foods, sampling techniques and some limitations of LIBS. Furthermore, it provides a critical outlook on the developments to analyze food matrices with proper sample preparations. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry ; Nutrition

Material:

Food

Elements:

Emmision lines:

A novel method for ash analysis in wheat milling fractions by using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Sezer, B. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Cereal Science (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.04.002

Authors
Bilge, G. ; Boyaci, I. H. ; Koksel, H. ; Sanal, T.

Keywords

LIBS; Ash analysis; Wheat flour; PLS;LIBS

Abstract

Ash content is an important quality control parameter in milling industry. Measurement of ash content is routinely performed using standard ash analysis method in which the sample is burned at 500-600 degrees C for 5-6 h. However, this method is not convenient for industrial applications, and thus, rapid and reliable methods are needed to be developed. The aim of this study was to develop a new method for ash analysis to be used in wheat milling fractions by using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS is an optic based multi-elemental, spectroscopic method which can analyze high number of samples in a considerably short time. In the study, wheat flour, whole wheat meal and semolina samples with different ash contents were analyzed using LIBS, and the spectra were evaluated with partial least squares (PLS) method. The results were correlated with the ones taken from standard ash analysis method. Calibration graph showed good linearity with the ash content between 0.48 and 2.44%, and 0.997 coefficient of determination (R-2). Limit of detection for ash analysis was calculated as 0.11%. The results indicated that LIBS is a promising and reliable method with high sensitivity for routine ash analysis in milling industry. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Area:

Agriculture ; Industry ; Nutrition

Material:

Ash ; Wheat

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 393.53 nm Ca I 422.67 nm Ca I 443.57 nm Ca I 445.48 nm Ca I 518.89 nm Ca I 610.27 nm Ca I 612.22 nm Ca I 616.22 nm Ca I 643.91 nm Ca I 646.26 nm Ca I 714.82 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 247.98 nm Fe I 388.33 nm Fe I 516.75 nm Fe I 527.04 nm Fe I 612.79 nm Fe I 643.88 nm Fe I 714.81 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 247.86 nm C II 392.07 nm C I 833.51 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 715.67 nm O I 777.19 nm O I 777.54 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 279.55 nm Mg I 516.73 nm Mg I 518.36 nm

...

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
Fe I 247.98 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Fe I 388.33 nm
C II 392.07 nm
Ca I 393.53 nm
Ca I 422.67 nm
Ca I 443.57 nm
Ca I 445.48 nm
Mg I 516.73 nm
Fe I 516.75 nm
Mg I 518.36 nm
Ca I 518.89 nm
Fe I 527.04 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Ca I 610.27 nm
Ca I 612.22 nm
Fe I 612.79 nm
Ca I 616.22 nm
Fe I 643.88 nm
Ca I 643.91 nm
Ca I 646.26 nm
H I 656.28 nm
Fe I 714.81 nm
Ca I 714.82 nm
O I 715.67 nm
N I 744.23 nm
K I 766.49 nm
K I 769.90 nm
O I 777.19 nm
O I 777.54 nm
C I 833.51 nm

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Rapid Discrimination of Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Seafood Tegillarca granosa

Author: Ji, G. ; et. al.

Journal: Sensors (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.3390/s17112655

Authors
Hu, X. Y. ; Chen, X. ; Chen, X. J. ; Jiang, J. ; Shi, Y. J. ; Ye, P. C. ; Yuan, L. M. ; Yuan, M. S. ; Zhu, D. H.

Keywords

toxic heavy metal; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS); Tegillarca granosa; discrimination analysis; wavelet transform algorithm (WTA);INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; CULTURAL-HERITAGE; TRACE-METALS; LABEO-ROHITA; IDENTIFICATION; LIBS; CADMIUM; SAMPLES; MODEL; ZINC

Abstract

Tegillarca granosa samples contaminated artificially by three kinds of toxic heavy metals including zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were attempted to be distinguished using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology and pattern recognition methods in this study. The measured spectra were firstly processed by a wavelet transform algorithm (WTA), then the generated characteristic information was subsequently expressed by an information gain algorithm (IGA). As a result, 30 variables obtained were used as input variables for three classifiers: partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF), among which the RF model exhibited the best performance, with 93.3% discrimination accuracy among those classifiers. Besides, the extracted characteristic information was used to reconstruct the original spectra by inverse WTA, and the corresponding attribution of the reconstructed spectra was then discussed. This work indicates that the healthy shellfish samples of Tegillarca granosa could be distinguished from the toxic heavy-metal-contaminated ones by pattern recognition analysis combined with LIBS technology, which only requires minimal pretreatments.

Area:

Industry ; Nutrition

Material:

Seafood

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 422.67 nm Ca II 393.37 nm Ca II 396.85 nm Ca I 428.30 nm Ca I 430.77 nm Ca I 443.50 nm Ca I 445.48 nm Ca I 558.88 nm Ca I 612.22 nm Ca I 649.38 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 285.21 nm Mg I 517.27 nm Mg I 518.36 nm Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 280.27 nm Mg I 383.23 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm Na I 330.30 nm Na I 568.26 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

K I 766.49 nm K I 769.90 nm

...

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Pb I 280.20 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Zn I 330.26 nm
Na I 330.30 nm
Mg I 383.23 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Ca II 396.85 nm
Ca I 422.67 nm
Ca I 428.30 nm
Ca I 430.77 nm
Fe I 438.35 nm
Fe I 440.48 nm
Ca I 443.50 nm
Ca I 445.48 nm
Sr I 460.73 nm
Cd I 467.81 nm
Mg I 517.27 nm
Mg I 518.36 nm
Ca I 558.88 nm
Na I 568.26 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
Ca I 612.22 nm
Ca I 649.38 nm
K I 766.49 nm
K I 769.90 nm
O I 777.54 nm

Determination of Carbon Content in Steels Using Laser-Induced Breakdown SpectroscopyAssisted with Laser-Induced Radical Fluorescence

Author: Li, J. ; et. al.

Journal: Analytical Chemistry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01932

Authors
Guo, L. B. ; Li, X. Y. ; Luo, Y. F. ; Yang, X. Y. ; Yi, R. X. ; Zeng, X. Y. ; Zhao, N. ; Zhou, R. ; Zhu, Z. H.

Keywords

VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; INDUCED PLASMA; SPECTROMETRY; OPTIMIZATION; COAL; IMPROVEMENTS; ABSORPTION

Abstract

Carbon is a key element for steel properties but (a) hard to be determined by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Utilizing the combination of carbon in analytes and nitrogen in ambient gas to generate carbon nitrogen (CN) radicals, LIBS assisted with laser-induced radical fluorescence (LIBS-LIRF) was proposed to resonantly excite radicals instead of atoms in plasmas. The CN radicals in the B-2 Sigma-A(2)II band were stimulated by a 421.60 nm laserwavelength and emitted 388.34 nm fluorescence. The results show that the spectral intensity of the CN radicals was enhanced by 2 orders of magnitude using LIBS-LIRF. Then carbon content in steels was accurately and sensitively determined without spectral interference. The limits of detection (LoDs) were 0.039 and 0.013 wt % in air and nitrogen gas, respectively. The limits of quantification (LoQs) were 0.130 and 0.043 wt % in air and nitrogen gas, respectively. This work demonstrated the feasibility of LIES to realize reliable carbon determination in steel industry.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Carbon ; Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe II 188.87 nm Fe I 248.33 nm Fe I 385.64 nm Fe I 385.99 nm Fe I 386.55 nm Fe I 387.25 nm Fe I 387.86 nm Fe I 388.33 nm Fe I 388.63 nm Fe I 421.62 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 193.09 nm C I 247.86 nm

Emmision lines:
Fe II 188.87 nm
C I 193.09 nm
C I 247.86 nm
Fe I 248.33 nm
Fe I 385.64 nm
Fe I 385.99 nm
Fe I 386.55 nm
Fe I 387.25 nm
Fe I 387.86 nm
Fe I 388.33 nm
Fe I 388.63 nm
Fe I 421.62 nm

Evaluation of a compact VUV spectrometer for elemental imaging by laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy: application to mine core characterization

Author: Trichard, F. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00185a

Authors
Devismes, D. ; Feugier, A. ; Maurelli, J. ; Moncayo, S. ; Motto-Ros, V. ; Pelascini, F. ; Sasseville, C. ; Surma, F.

Keywords

INDUCED PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY; ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; SULFUR; STEEL; NANOPARTICLES; CALIBRATION; SAMPLES; RATIOS; SYSTEM

Abstract

This work introduces a new approach to perform LIBS elemental imaging in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) wavelength range by using an argon purged probe coupled to a compact spectrometer. In spite of several important elements for geological and industrial applications such as S, P, As, B, C, or Zn presenting strong lines in the VUV range, the need for using specific optics and working under oxygen-free conditions has limited the extension of LIBS systems available for such a range. Herein, we present an adaptation of our LIBS imaging instrumentation to access the VUV while operating under ambient conditions. The proposed detection system is based on an optical probe directly coupled to a Maya2000Pro compact spectrometer (Ocean Optics), all purged with argon. The technical design along with a detailed evaluation of the VUV probe is addressed. The possibility of using this VUV probe for LIBS imaging is also investigated by studying a Canadian mine core sample with special emphasis on the detection of sulfur. In addition to sulfur, more than 15 elements including P, As, C, Ca, Si, Mo, B, and Zn have also been detected. Elemental images covering sample surfaces in the range of cm(2) with a micrometric spatial resolution (10 mu m) are presented. A detection limit of 0.2 wt% for sulfur is demonstrated in a single shot configuration. These results open new perspectives for both conventional LIBS and LIBS-based imaging in various application fields.

Area:

Industry ; Mining

Material:

Mineral

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

B I 249.77 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 193.65 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 251.61 nm

Lines [nm]:

P I 177.49 nm

Lines [nm]:

S I 180.73 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Cr I 175.13 nm
P I 177.49 nm
S I 180.73 nm
Ca II 183.80 nm
As I 189.04 nm
Ti II 190.65 nm
Al I 193.65 nm
Zn II 202.55 nm
Mo II 204.60 nm
Cu II 205.50 nm
Fe II 238.20 nm
B I 249.77 nm
Si I 251.61 nm

Calibration-Free Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) with Standard Reference Line for the Analysis of Stainless Steel

Author: Fu, H. B. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Spectroscopy (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1177/0003702817699410

Authors
Dong, F. Z. ; Jia, J. W. ; Ni, Z. B. ; Wang, H. D.

Keywords

Calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; CF-LIBS; self-absorption; Saha-Boltzmann; Stark broadening; standard reference line;QUANTITATIVE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; INDUCED PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY; SELF-ABSORPTION; SPECTRAL-LINES; TEMPERATURE; ACCURACY; ALUMINUM

Abstract

In this work, calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) is used to analyze a certified stainless steel sample. Due to self-absorption of the spectral lines from the major element Fe and the sparse lines of trace elements, it is usually not easy to construct the Boltzmann plots of all species. A standard reference line method is proposed here to solve this difficulty under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium so that the same temperature value for all elements present into the plasma can be considered. Based on the concentration and rich spectral lines of Fe, the Stark broadening of Fe(I) 381.584nm and Saha-Boltzmann plots of this element are used to calculate the electron density and the plasma temperature, respectively. In order to determine the plasma temperature accurately, which is seriously affected by self-absorption, a pre-selection procedure for eliminating those spectral lines with strong self-absorption is employed. Then, one spectral line of each element is selected to calculate its corresponding concentration. The results from the standard reference lines with and without self-absorption of Fe are compared. This method allows us to measure trace element content and effectively avoid the adverse effects due to self-absorption.

Area:

Calibration-free ; Fundamentals ; Industry

Material:

Stainless steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 381.58 nm

Emmision lines:
Fe I 381.58 nm

Formation of (UO)-U-238-O-16 and (UO)-U-238-O-18 observed by time-resolved emission spectroscopy subsequent to laser ablation

Author: Weisz, D. G. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Physics Letters (2017)

Fundamentals

DOI: 10.1063/1.4991824

Authors
Armstrong, M. R. ; Azer, M. ; Crowhurst, J. C. ; Curreli, D. ; Finko, M. S. ; Isselhardt, B. H. ; Koroglu, B. ; Radousky, H. B. ; Rose, T. P. ; Savina, M. R. ; Siekhaus, W. J. ; Zaug, J. M.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR ISOTOPIC SPECTROMETRY; URANIUM MONOXIDE; INDUCED PLASMAS; SPECTRA; UO; COMPUTATION; STATES; ORE

Abstract

We have measured vibronic emission spectra of an oxide of uranium formed after laser ablation of the metal in gaseous oxygen. Specifically, we have measured the time-dependent relative intensity of a band located at approximately 593.6 nm in O-16(2). This band grew in intensity relative to neighboring atomic features as a function time in an oxygen environment but was relatively invariant with time in argon. In addition, we have measured the spectral shift of this band in an O-18(2) atmosphere. Based on this shift, and by comparison with earlier results obtained from free-jet expansion and laser excitation, we can confirm that the oxide in question is UO, consistent with recent reports based on laser ablation in O-16(2) only. Published by AIP Publishing.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Metal ; Uranium oxide

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Fast Identification of Plastics with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Author: Sun, Q. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2017)07-2205-05

Authors
Du, M. ; Guo, L. B. ; Hao, Z. Q. ; Li, J. M. ; Li, X. Y. ; Liu, J. G. ; Lu, Y. F. ; Shen, M. ; Yi, R. X. ; Zeng, X. Y.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Characteristic spectral lines of non-metallic elements; Support vector machine; Plastics identification;ARTIFICIAL NEURAL-NETWORKS; INDUCED PLASMA; EMISSION; POLYMERS

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIPS) combined with support vector machine (SVM) was adopted to identify 20 kinds of different colored industrial plastics from different manufacturers in open air. The experimental parameters of spectral acquisition were optimized firstly. 100 spectra recorded under optimum conditions were randomly and equally divided into training set and test set. 6 non-metallic characteristic spectral lines were used to avoid the interference with metallic lines. And the training time of SVM model was reduced. The results show that 996 of 1000 test spectra were identified correctly and the average classification accuracy is reached to 99.6%. The classification efficiency is improved with 6 non-metallic characteristic spectral lines. The research demonstrates that, when fewer of major non-metallic characteristic spectral lines are used, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique with support vector machine can identify more kinds of plastics with high accuracy and efficiency.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Plastics

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Calibration-free quantitative analysis of thin-film oxide layers in semiconductors using laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

Author: Davari, S. A. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00083a

Authors
Hu, S. ; Mukherjee, D. ; Pamu, R.

Keywords

SILICON-WAFERS; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; SOLAR-CELL; AEROSOLS; ABLATION; CU(IN,GA)SE-2; TRANSISTORS; CAPACITANCE; THICKNESS; RESIDUES

Abstract

The current Largest market share and continually growing industry of the semiconductor manufacturing sector in the US demands rapid and cost-effective quality control and characterization of thin film semiconducting materials. To this end, we demonstrate Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) as a facile and effective analytical tool for rapid process-Line characterization of metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors and capacitors. Specifically, we carry out quantitative LIBS analysis on siLicon oxide (Si02) thin-films of various thicknesses grown by high-temperature moisture-free oxidation on industrial-grade Si wafers. The stoichiometric ratios of oxygen to siLicon ([O]/[Si]) in various SiO2 films are measured by LIBS anaLyses using an internal calibration technique. The results are verified against benchmark anaLyses based on oxide Layer thicknesses and Laser-induced crater profile topographies from eLLipsometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and profflometry measurements. The stoichiometric ratios of [O]/[Si] calculated from thickness and profflometry measurements are used to compare with our direct LIBS measurements. Our results indicate good agreement between the LIBS and profibmetry calculation results, demonstrating the future capability of LIBS for thin film characterization during their industrial processing.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Semiconductor ; Silicon oxide

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ar I 415.86 nm Ar I 425.94 nm Ar I 427.22 nm Ar I 433.36 nm Ar I 696.54 nm Ar I 706.72 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.19 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm

Emmision lines:
Si I 288.16 nm
Ar I 415.86 nm
Ar I 425.94 nm
Ar I 427.22 nm
Ar I 433.36 nm
Ar I 696.54 nm
Ar I 706.72 nm
O I 777.19 nm

A hydrogel-based solidification method for the direct analysis of liquid samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Lin, Q. Y. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00143f

Authors
Bian, F. ; Duan, Y. X. ; Wang, S. ; Wei, Z. M.

Keywords

MATRIX CONVERSION; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; METAL DETECTION; HEAVY-METALS; SPECTROMETRY; LIBS; MICROEXTRACTION; PLASMA; MEMBRANE

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a simple, fast, and direct technique for the elemental analysis of various samples. However, the practical application of this method in direct liquid analysis is limited due to its inherent disadvantages including surface ripples and extinction of emitted intensity. Applicable treatments of liquids always involve complicated procedures or additional instruments, which is disadvantageous to its analytical performance. In this study, we proposed a novel method for the LIBS analysis of liquid samples via a hydrogel-based solidification technique. In this new method, aqueous solution is directly poured into sodium polyacrylate resins. Owing to the high hydroscopicity of sodium polyacrylate resins, the resins quickly form a hydrogel and immediately solidify the liquid samples. After this, the LIBS analysis is directly performed. To estimate the analytical performance of this proposed method, calibration curves were established and limits of detection for Al, Cu, and Cr were obtained. The limits of detection (CODs) for the emission lines of Al(I) 308.21 nm, Cu(I) 324.75 nm, and Cr(I) 425.43 nm were 0.460 mu g mL(-1), 4.69 mu g mL(-1), and 4.44 mu g mL(-1), respectively. According to the obtained results, this proposed method demonstrates its better analytical performance in terms of CODs at the ppm level and requires shorter processing time as compared to other analytical methods based on the LIBS technique for liquid sample analysis. Especially, the short pretreatment of samples and simple auxiliary equipment make this hydrogel-based solidification method bring LIBS out of the laboratory for the direct analysis of environmental liquid samples. The feasibility and potential of this novel method have also been discussed for special analytical applications in slurry samples.

Area:

Agriculture ; Geology ; Industry ; Nutrition ; Pharmaceutics

Material:

Hydrogel ; Slurry

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cr II 267.72 nm Cr II 283.56 nm Cr I 425.44 nm Cr I 427.48 nm Cr I 520.84 nm Cr I 357.87 nm Cr I 359.35 nm Cr I 360.53 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 280.27 nm Mg I 285.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 308.22 nm Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

K I 766.49 nm K I 769.90 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Cr II 267.72 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Cr II 283.56 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Al I 308.22 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Cr I 357.87 nm
Cr I 359.35 nm
Cr I 360.53 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Cr I 425.44 nm
Cr I 427.48 nm
Cr I 520.84 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
K I 766.49 nm
K I 769.90 nm

Temperature Dependence of Magnetic Hysteresis Loop of NdFeB with Uniaxial Anisotropy by LIBS Technique

Author: Ghezelbash, M. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s10948-017-3984-x

Authors
Darbani, S. M. R. ; Ghasemi, A. ; Majd, A. E.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS); Magnetic properties; Uniaxial anisotropy;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; LASER-PRODUCED PLASMA; OPTICAL-EMISSION; SAMPLE TEMPERATURE; ALLOYS

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been investigated as a potential analytical tool for better understanding the role of sample temperature and magnetization on the optical emission of laser-induced plasma for NdFeB sample. The mechanism of optical emission by increasing of sample temperature (T (s) ) and plasma confinement including shock wave in the presence of magnetic field is discussed. The heated samples show a significant decrease in magnetic properties, especially the coercivity and saturation of magnetization. The coercivity and saturation of magnetization of NdFeB were 15000 Oe and 95 emu/g, respectively. The intensity of emission lines decreased with an increase in T (s) for NdFeB sample. The coercivity and saturation of magnetization of samples was monotonically decreased and caused to decrease in LIBS signal intensities.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Magnetic material

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 391.36 nm Fe I 373.49 nm Fe I 392.08 nm Fe I 392.91 nm Fe I 393.36 nm Fe I 395.53 nm Fe I 396.80 nm Fe I 399.04 nm

Lines [nm]:

Nd II 392.71 nm Nd II 649.56 nm Nd II 658.09 nm

Lines [nm]:

B II 703.25 nm

Emmision lines:
Fe I 373.49 nm
Fe I 391.36 nm
Fe I 392.08 nm
Nd II 392.71 nm
Fe I 392.91 nm
Fe I 393.36 nm
Fe I 395.53 nm
Fe I 396.80 nm
Fe I 399.04 nm
Nd II 649.56 nm
Nd II 658.09 nm
B II 703.25 nm

Quantitative elemental imaging of heterogeneous catalysts using laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy

Author: Trichard, F. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.04.008

Authors
Blouet, Y. ; Lienemann, C. P. ; Moncayo, S. ; Motto-Ros, V. ; Sorbier, L.

Keywords

LIBS; Quantification; Elemental imaging; Elemental profile; Heterogeneous catalyst; Palladium;X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE; FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; HIGH-SPEED; GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES; HIGH-RESOLUTION; TRACE-ELEMENTS; CONVERTERS; METALS; MICROANALYSIS; MICROPROBE

Abstract

Currently, the use of catalysis is widespread in almost all industrial processes; its use improves productivity, synthesis yields and waste treatment as well as decreases energy costs. The increasingly stringent requirements, in terms of reaction selectivity and environmental standards, impose progressively increasing accuracy and control of operations. Meanwhile, the development of characterization techniques has been challenging, and the techniques often require equipment with high complexity. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel elemental approach for performing quantitative space-resolved analysis with ppm-scale quantification limits and mu m-scale resolution. This approach, based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), is distinguished by its simplicity, all-optical design, and speed of operation. This work analyzes palladium-based porous alumina catalysts, which are commonly used in the selective hydrogenation process, using the LIBS method. We report an exhaustive study of the quantification capability of LIBS and its ability to perform imaging measurements over a large dynamic range, typically from a few ppm to wt. These results offer new (i)nsight into the use of LIBS-based imaging in the industry and paves the way for innumerable applications. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Catalyst

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Pd I 340.46 nm Pd I 342.12 nm Pd I 343.34 nm Pd I 348.12 nm Pd I 348.98 nm Pd I 337.30 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al II 359.75 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 360.67 nm

Emmision lines:
Pd I 337.30 nm
Pd I 340.46 nm
Pd I 342.12 nm
Pd I 343.34 nm
Pd I 348.12 nm
Pd I 348.98 nm
Al II 359.75 nm
Fe I 360.67 nm

Double pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of a solid in water: Effect of hydrostatic pressure on laser induced plasma, cavitation bubble and emission spectra

Author: Lopez-Claros, M. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.02.010

Authors
De Giacomo, A. ; Dell'Aglio, M. ; Fortes, F. J. ; Gaudiuso, R. ; Laserna, J. J. ; Santagata, A.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Deep Sea; Double pulse; Cavitation bubble; High pressure;BULK AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; SINGLE-PULSE; SHOCK-WAVES; LIQUIDS; LIBS; EXCITATION; INTENSITY; ABLATION; INSIGHTS

Abstract

There is a growing interest in the development of sensors use in exploration of the deep ocean. Techniques for the chemical analysis of submerged solids are of special interest, as they show promise for subsea mining applications where a rapid sorting of materials found in the sea bottom would improve efficiency. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has demonstrated potential for this application thanks to its unique capability of providing the atomic composition of submerged solids. Here we present a study on the parameters that affect the spectral response of metallic targets in an oceanic pressure environment. Following laser excitation of the solid, the plasma persistence and the cavitation bubble size are considerably reduced as the hydrostatic pressure increases. These effects are of particular concern in dual pulse excitation as reported here, where a careful choice of the interpulse timing is required. Shadowgraphic images of the plasma demonstrate that cavitation bubbles are formed early after the plasma onset and that the effect of hydrostatic pressure is negligible during the early stage of plasma expansion. Contrarily to what is observed at atmospheric pressure, emission spectra observed at high pressures are characterized by self-absorbed atomic lines on continuum radiation resulting from strong radiative recombination in the electron-rich confined environment. This effect is much less evident with ionic lines due to the much higher energy of the levels involved and ionization energy of ions, as well as to the lower extent of absorption effects occurring in the inner part of the plasma, where ionized species are more abundant. As a result of the smaller shorter-lived cavitation bubble, the LIBS intensity enhancement resulting from dual pulse excitation is reduced when the applied pressure increases. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Geology ; Industry ; Mining

Material:

Mineral ; Rock

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Al I 396.15 nm

Emmision lines:
Al I 396.15 nm

Quantification of copper content with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy as a potential indicator of offal adulteration in beef

Author: Casado-Gavalda, M. P. ; et. al.

Journal: Talanta (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.071

Authors
Cama-Moncunill, R. ; Cama-Moncunill, X. ; Cullen, P. J. ; Dixit, Y. ; Geulen, D. ; Markiewicz-Keszycka, M. ; Sullivan, C.

Keywords

LIBS; Beef; Offal; Copper; PLSR; Chemometrics;MOTION CONDITIONS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; MEAT; SPECTROMETRY; LIBS; CLASSIFICATION; PREDICTION; SAMPLES

Abstract

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an emerging technique in the field of food analysis which provides various advantages such as minimal sample preparation, chemical free, rapid detection, provision of spatial information and portability. In this study, LIBS was employed for quantitative analysis of copper content in minced beef samples spiked with beef liver over three independent batches. Copper content was determined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) in order to obtain reference values for modelling. Partial least square regression (PLSR) was performed to build a calibration and validation model. A calibration model with a high R-cv(2) of 0.85 and a RMSECV of 43.5 ppm was obtained, confirming a good fit for the model. The validation model showed a good prediction accuracy with a high R-p(2) of 0.85 and RMSEP of 36.8 ppm. Moreover, on a further study to evaluate the spatial capabilities, LIBS was able to successfully map copper content within a pellet, indicating the suitability of LIBS to provide spatial information and therefore potential use on heterogeneous samples. Overall, it can be concluded that LIBS combined with chemometrics demonstrates potential as a quality monitoring tool for the meat processing industry.

Area:

Industry ; Nutrition

Material:

Beef

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm Na I 818.33 nm Na I 819.48 nm

Lines [nm]:

N I 742.36 nm N I 744.23 nm N I 746.83 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 279.55 nm Mg I 518.36 nm

Lines [nm]:

K I 766.49 nm K I 769.90 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ca II 393.37 nm Ca I 422.67 nm

...

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Cu I 327.40 nm
Zn I 330.29 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Ca I 422.67 nm
Mg I 518.36 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
H I 656.28 nm
N I 742.36 nm
N I 744.23 nm
N I 746.83 nm
K I 766.49 nm
K I 769.90 nm
O I 777.19 nm
Rb I 780.03 nm
Na I 818.33 nm
Na I 819.48 nm

Sorting zamak alloys via chemometric analysis of their LIBS spectra

Author: Aberkane, S. M. ; et. al.

Journal: Analytical Methods (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1039/c7ay01138e

Authors
Abdelhamid, M. ; Abdelli-Messaci, S. ; Harith, M. A. ; Mokdad, F. ; Yahiaoui, K.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; STEEL SAMPLES; CLASSIFICATION; PLASMA; RECOGNITION; TEMPERATURE; EXPLOSIVES; MODELS; SOILS

Abstract

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy with chemometric methods has been employed for sorting zamak alloy (zinc based alloy) samples. Plasma plumes were created on the sample surface using 50 mJ Nd:YAG laser pulses at its fundamental wavelength (lambda = 1064 nm). Six types of zinc alloy samples with different elemental compositions have been used to perform the LIBS measurements under optimized experimental conditions. On the obtained LIBS data three different chemometric classification models were applied, namely K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The effect of the input database choice and its normalization on the classification model efficiency has been investigated and found to play a crucial role. It was found that KNN, SVM and ANNs permit an appropriate classification of different zinc alloys using LIBS spectra and the best results were obtained from the largest input database. The effect of data normalization has been discussed for each model. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of using chemometric methods associated with the LIBS technique as an industrial tool for in situ zamak sorting.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Zinc alloy

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Zn I 328.23 nm Zn I 330.26 nm Zn I 330.29 nm Zn I 334.50 nm Zn I 334.56 nm Zn I 334.59 nm Zn I 468.01 nm Zn I 472.22 nm Zn I 481.05 nm Zn I 636.23 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 308.22 nm Al I 309.27 nm Al I 309.28 nm Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ca II 393.37 nm Ca II 396.85 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 324.75 nm Cu I 327.40 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 279.55 nm

Emmision lines:
Mg II 279.55 nm
Al I 308.22 nm
Al I 309.27 nm
Al I 309.28 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Cu I 327.40 nm
Zn I 328.23 nm
Zn I 330.26 nm
Zn I 330.29 nm
Zn I 334.50 nm
Zn I 334.56 nm
Zn I 334.59 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Ca II 396.85 nm
Zn I 468.01 nm
Zn I 472.22 nm
Zn I 481.05 nm
Zn I 636.23 nm

Highly concentrated, ring-shaped phase conversion laser-induced breakdown spectroscopytechnology for liquid sample analysis

Author: Lin, Q. Y. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Optics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/AO.56.005092

Authors
Duan, Y. X. ; Guo, G. M. ; Guo, H. L. ; Wang, S. ; Wei, Z. M. ; Zhang, Z.

Keywords

TRACE-METAL ANALYSIS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; MATRIX CONVERSION; HEAVY-METALS; LIBS; MEMBRANE; WATER; SPECTROMETRY; DEPOSITION; ADSORBENT

Abstract

A highly concentrated, ring-shaped phase conversion (RSPC) method was developed for liquid sample analysis using the laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy (LIBS) technique. In this work, test samples were prepared by mixing the metal particles with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) supporter in liquid phase. With heat, the PVA solution solidified inside a modified glass petri dish, forming a metal-enriched polymer ring film. Distinguished from other traditional liquid-to-solid conversing methods, the proposed new method takes advantage of enhanced homogeneity for the target elements inside the ring film. The modified glass petri dish was used to control the ring-shaped concentration. Due to the specially designed circular groove at the bottom of this dish, where the PVA solution and liquid sample mixture accumulated, the target elements were concentrated in this small ring, which is beneficial for enhancing and stabilizing the plasma signals compared to the direct liquid sample analysis using LIBS. The limits of detection for Ag, Cu, Cr, and Ba obtained with the RSPC-LIBS technology were 0.098 mu g . mL(-1), 0.18 mu g . mL(-1), 0.83 mu g . mL(-1), and 0.046 mu g . mL(-1), respectively, which provided greater improvement than the direct bulk liquid analysis using LIBS. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

Liquid

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Enhanced lithium ion transport in garnet-type solid state electrolytes

Author: Cheng, L. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Electroceramics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s10832-017-0080-3

Authors
Davis, R. ; Doeff, M. ; Hou, H. M. ; Kostecki, R. ; Lux, S. ; Mehta, A. ; Zorba, V.

Keywords

All solid state batteries; Solid electrolytes; Li7La3Zr2O12; Garnet;AL-SUBSTITUTED LI7LA3ZR2O12; ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; DOPED LI7LA3ZR2O12; CRYSTAL-CHEMISTRY; STABILITY; TEMPERATURE; MICROSTRUCTURE; STABILIZATION; SPECTROSCOPY; CONDUCTION

Abstract

Al-substituted Li7La3Zr2O12 samples processed under argon show enhanced Li-ion transport and interfacial properties in symmetrical cells with lithium electrodes, compared to those prepared in air. In particular, the samples prepared under argon have higher ionic conductivities and lower interfacial impedances in symmetrical lithium cells, and show better DC cycling characteristics. The electronic conductivities are also somewhat higher. Pellets subjected to thermal treatment under the two types of atmospheres have different colors but exhibit similar microstructures. X-ray diffraction experiments suggest that there are slight structural differences between the two types of samples, but few dissimilarities were observed in elemental composition, distribution of ions, oxidation states, or bond lengths using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) to analyze the materials. Additionally, there was no evidence that La or Zr were reduced during the processing under Ar. Possible explanations for the improved electrochemical properties of the sample prepared under Ar compared to the one prepared in air include differences in grain boundary chemistries and conductivities and/or a small concentration of oxygen vacancies in the former.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Garnet electrolyte

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Quantitative analysis of Al-Si alloy using calibration free laser induced breakdownspectroscopy (CF-LIBS)

Author: Shakeel, H. ; et. al.

Journal: Physics of Plasmas (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1063/1.4985327

Authors
Aisha, G. ; Haq, S. U. ; Nadeem, A.

Keywords

INDUCED PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY; SELF-ABSORPTION; ACCURACY

Abstract

The quantitative analysis of the standard aluminum-silicon alloy has been performed using calibration free laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS). The plasma was produced using the fundamental harmonic (1064 nm) of the Nd: YAG laser and the emission spectra were recorded at 3.5 mu s detector gate delay. The qualitative analysis of the emission spectra confirms the presence of Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, and Pb in the alloy. The background subtracted and self-absorption corrected emission spectra were used for the estimation of plasma temperature as 10 100 +/- 300 K. The plasma temperature and self-absorption corrected emission lines of each element have been used for the determination of concentration of each species present in the alloy. The use of corrected emission intensities and accurate evaluation of plasma temperature yield reliable quantitative analysis up to a maximum 2.2% deviation from reference sample concentration. Published by AIP Publishing.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Aluminium-silicon alloy

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Laser Ablation-Based Chemical Analysis Techniques: A Short Review

Author: Gonzalez, J. J. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications Chemometrics Review

DOI:

Authors

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; MOLECULAR ISOTOPIC SPECTROMETRY; FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LA-ICP-MS; DEPTH PROFILE; LIBS; SAMPLES; STEEL

Abstract

Laser ablation has become a dominant technology for direct solid sampling in analytical chemistry. Laser ablation refers to the process in which an intense burst of energy delivered by a short laser pulse is used to sample (remove a portion of) a material. The advantages of laser-ablation chemical analysis include direct characterization of solids, no chemical procedures for dissolution, reduced risk of contamination or sample loss, analysis of very small samples not separable for solution analysis, and determination of spatial distributions of elemental composition. This short review describes the most common approaches-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)-and provides an introduction to laser-ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS).

Area:

Industry

Material:

Solid sample

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Al I 308.22 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ca II 315.89 nm

Emmision lines:
Si I 288.16 nm
Al I 308.22 nm
Ca II 315.89 nm

On the structure and impurities of a nominally homologous set of detonation nanodiamonds

Author: Wu, C. C. ; et. al.

Journal: Diamond and Related Materials (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2017.05.007

Authors
Gottfried, J. L. ; Pesce-Rodriguez, R. A.

Keywords

Detonation nanodiamond, DND; Transmission electron microscopy, TEM; Electron energy loss spectroscopy, EELS; Energy-dispersive spectrometry, EDS; Fast Fourier transform, FFT; High-angle annular dark-field, HAADF; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS; Diffraction, lattice spacing, desorption gas chromatography - mass spectrometry, D-GC-MS; Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR;ULTRADISPERSE-DIAMOND; SURFACE; CARBON; TRANSITION; ADSORPTION; STABILITY; GRAPHENE; POWDER; VAPOR

Abstract

Unexpected variations in the purity and structure of commercial detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) is an ongoing issue. Unfortunately, influences of these variations and how they affect DND behaviors are seldom addressed. This work investigates nominally homologous commercial DNDs sold by a single vendor under the same item number but different lots. Paraffin wax and surfactant were discovered as the major organic contaminants in the DND samples along with metallic impurities. The relative quantities of these contaminants were correlated to discrepancies in the structure and crystallinity of DNDs. The DNDs containing more contaminants possessed thicker shells surrounding the diamond cores; the diamond crystallinity was observed to quickly disappear, on the order of several minutes, when exposed to 200 kV electron beam. On the other hand, those DNDs carrying fewer impurities exhibited a stable diamond structure. The differences in metallic impurities were attributed to variations in the DND purification treatments, and did not appear to affect a morphological change under the electron beam. The present work demonstrates the negative effects of impurities in commercial DNDs on the content and stability of diamond carbons. The results also have implications on possible factors that must be considered when using commercial DNDs for advanced applications.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Detonation diamonds

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca II 393.37 nm Ca II 396.85 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 247.86 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Ca II 396.85 nm

Range extension in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using femtosecond-nanosecond dual-beam laser system

Author: Chu, W. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics (2017)

Fundamentals

DOI: 10.1007/s00340-017-6749-0

Authors
Cheng, Y. ; Li, G. H. ; Li, Z. T. ; Wang, Z. S. ; Xie, H. Q. ; Yao, J. P. ; Zeng, B.

Keywords

NONLINEAR OPTICS; FILAMENTATION; AIR; OPERATION; PULSES; WATER; GAS

Abstract

We extend the detection range of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses with high-energy nanosecond - CO2 laser pulses. The femtosecond laser pulses ionize the molecules and generate filament in air. The free electrons generated in the self-confined plasma channel by the femtosecond laser serve as the seed electrons which cause efficient avalanche ionization in the nanosecond - CO2 laser field. We show that the detection distance has been extended by three times with the assistance of femtosecond laser filamentation.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Air

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Optical diagnostics of laser-produced aluminium plasmas under water

Author: Walsh, N. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s00340-017-6754-3

Authors
Costello, J. T. ; Kelly, T. J.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; SINGLY IONIZED ALUMINUM; DUAL PULSE EXCITATION; EXPANSION DYNAMICS; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; ABLATION PLUME; GENERATION; EMISSION; UNDERWATER; LIQUID

Abstract

We report on the findings of double-pulse studies performed on an aluminium target submerged in water using Nd: YAG laser pulses. Shadowgraphy measurements were performed to examine the dynamic behaviour of the cavitation bubble that eventually forms some considerable time post-plasma ignition. These measurements were used to inform subsequent investigations designed to probe the bubble environment. The results of time-resolved imaging from within the cavitation bubble following irradiation by a second laser pulse reveal the full dynamic evolution of a plasma formed in such an environment. Rapid displacement of the plasma plume in a direction normal to the target surface followed by a diffusive outwards expansion is observed and a qualitative model is proposed to explain the observed behaviour. Line profiles of several ionic and atomic species were observed within the irradiated cavitation bubble. Electron densities were determined using the Stark broadening of the Al II line at 466.3 nm and electron temperatures inferred using the ratio of the Al II (466.3 nm) and Al I (396.15 nm) lines. Evidence of self-reversal of neutral emission lines was observed at times corresponding to growth and collapse phases of the cavitation bubble suggesting high population density for ground state atoms during these times.

Area:

Industry ; Plasma diagnostics

Material:

Aluminium ; Underwater

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm Al II 466.31 nm Al II 559.33 nm

Lines [nm]:

H I 486.14 nm

Emmision lines:
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Al II 466.31 nm
H I 486.14 nm
Al II 559.33 nm

At-line monitoring of continuous casting sequences of steel using discriminant function analysis and dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Ruiz, J. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00093f

Authors
Cabalín, L. M. ; Delgado, T. ; Laserna, J. J.

Keywords

INDUCED PLASMA SPECTROMETRY; IN-SITU ANALYSIS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; GRADE TRANSITION; MOLECULAR BANDS; REAL-TIME; MOLD; LIBS; SAMPLES

Abstract

Among the several controlling routines utilized in the steelmaking process, analytical operations during continuous casting are especially demanding due to the extreme environment of steel plants and the crude conditions of the steel surface at the exit of the casting system. This report presents how dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can be used for the real-time monitoring of continuous casting sequences in a steel plant and the operations needed for detecting the separation between grades of close chemical compositions. Diverse dual-pulse laser conditions have been tested in order to improve the LIBS system performance. Apart from the scale layer formed by the oxidation of steel by the surrounding air, the presence of residues of mould powder on the steel surface tends to complicate the LIBS analysis as elements present in the powder such as manganese interfere with the steel components. LIBS data processing by discriminant function analysis has been demonstrated to be beneficial for the identification of steel transitions. Changes in steel composition as low as 0.20 percentage points Cr in a stainless steel sample containing above 17% of this element are detected by corresponding changes in Wilks' lambda values from 1.0 to 0.75 during the transition. Changes in the concentration of nickel are of minor relevance as its concentration on the steel surface at the time of continuous casting is depleted. For steel concentrations differing to a larger extent, differentiation of steel grades is straight, involving changes in Wilks' lambda values from 1 to below 0.1.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 520.45 nm Cr I 520.60 nm Cr I 520.84 nm Cr I 540.98 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mn I 403.08 nm Mn I 482.35 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 522.72 nm Fe I 545.56 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ni I 471.44 nm Ni I 547.69 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mo I 550.65 nm Mo I 553.30 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Mn I 403.08 nm
Nb I 405.89 nm
V I 439.52 nm
Ni I 471.44 nm
Mn I 482.35 nm
Ti I 498.17 nm
Cr I 520.45 nm
Cr I 520.60 nm
Cr I 520.84 nm
Fe I 522.72 nm
Cr I 540.98 nm
Fe I 545.56 nm
Ni I 547.69 nm
Mo I 550.65 nm
Ca I 551.30 nm
Mo I 553.30 nm

Effects of Laser Wavelength on Properties of Coal LIBS Spectrum

Author: Qian, Y. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2017)06-1890-06

Authors
Cen, K. F. ; He, Y. ; Ronald, W. ; Wang, Z. H. ; Zhong, S.

Keywords

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS); Laser wavelength; Plasma time evolution; Plasma shielding effect; Coal;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; DEPENDENCE; PARAMETERS

Abstract

In face of the complicated and changeable coal in Chinese power stations, the on-line measurement of coal elemental composition is extremely significant in terms of enhancing the safety and efficiency of boilers as well as lowering the waste emission during operation. In this work, laser induced breakdownspectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to coal quality measurement. Laser wavelength was changed as 355, 532 and 1 064 nm to investigate the influence on coal LIBS features, including plasma time evolution and the spectral lines intensity-time characteristics of different elements. Energy threshold for shielding effect was also tested to verify how it varies with laser wavelengths. Additionally, coal LIBS spectrum was analyzed under different laser wavelengths. It has been proven by experiments that higher intensity of coal LIBS spectrum and energy threshold can be easily achieved when using laser of 532 nm, making it a fantastic energy source for coal LIBS tests. Results of these experiments serve to guide the industrial application of LIBS technology in the field of coal quality measurement.

Area:

Industry ; Mining

Material:

Coal

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Analysis of simulated high burnup nuclear fuel by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Singh, M. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.03.012

Authors
Banerjee, J. ; Bhagat, R. K. ; Sarkar, A.

Keywords

LIBS; SIMFUEL; AHWR; Argon; Nuclear;INDUCED PLASMAS; URANIUM; THORIUM; LIBS; SPECTROMETRY; EMISSION; GLASS

Abstract

Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) grade (Th-U)O-2 fuel sample and Simulated High Burn-Up Nuclear Fuels (SIMFUEL) samples mimicking the 28 and 43 GWd/Fe irradiated burn-up fuel were studied using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) setup in a simulated hot-cell environment from a distance of >1.5 m. Resolution of <38 pm has been used to record the complex spectra of the SIMFUEL samples. By using spectrum comparison and database matching >60 emission lines of fission products was identified. Among them only a few emission lines were found to generate calibration curves. The study demonstrates the possibility to investigate impurities at concentrations around hundreds of ppm, rapidly at atmospheric pressure without any sample preparation. The results of Ba and Mo showed the advantage of LIBS analysis over traditional methods involving sample dissolution, which introduces possible elemental loss. Limits of detections (LOD) under Ar atmosphere shows significant improvement, which is shown to be due to the formation of stable plasma. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Nuclear fuel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Mo II 253.85 nm Mo I 255.09 nm Mo II 259.37 nm Mo II 265.34 nm Mo II 266.06 nm Mo II 267.28 nm Mo II 267.33 nm Mo I 267.99 nm Mo II 268.32 nm Mo II 268.80 nm Mo II 270.14 nm Mo II 271.74 nm Mo II 274.63 nm Mo II 276.98 nm Mo II 277.54 nm Mo II 278.00 nm Mo II 281.62 nm Mo II 284.82 nm Mo II 285.32 nm Mo II 286.38 nm Mo II 287.15 nm Mo II 308.76 nm Mo II 312.20 nm Mo I 313.26 nm Mo I 320.88 nm Mo I 383.38 nm Mo I 390.30 nm Mo I 418.83 nm Mo I 470.72 nm

Lines [nm]:

Zr II 256.89 nm Zr II 257.14 nm Zr II 267.86 nm Zr II 270.01 nm Zr II 274.26 nm Zr II 274.59 nm Zr II 284.46 nm Zr II 327.31 nm Zr II 327.93 nm Zr II 328.47 nm Zr II 343.82 nm Zr I 386.39 nm Zr I 389.03 nm Zr I 468.78 nm Zr I 468.85 nm Zr I 471.01 nm Zr I 477.23 nm

Lines [nm]:

Th II 254.81 nm Th II 406.92 nm Th II 420.89 nm Th I 459.54 nm Th II 486.32 nm Th II 491.98 nm Th II 513.11 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ce II 276.14 nm Ce II 322.71 nm Ce I 513.78 nm Ce I 560.13 nm Ce I 569.70 nm

Lines [nm]:

Sr II 407.77 nm Sr II 421.55 nm Sr I 460.73 nm Sr I 496.23 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Mo II 253.85 nm
Th II 254.81 nm
Mo I 255.09 nm
Zr II 256.89 nm
Zr II 257.14 nm
Mo II 259.37 nm
Ba I 264.65 nm
Mo II 265.34 nm
Mo II 266.06 nm
Mo II 267.28 nm
Mo II 267.33 nm
Zr II 267.86 nm
Mo I 267.99 nm
Mo II 268.32 nm
Mo II 268.80 nm
Zr II 270.01 nm
Mo II 270.14 nm
Mo II 271.74 nm
Zr II 274.26 nm
Zr II 274.59 nm
Mo II 274.63 nm
Ce II 276.14 nm
Mo II 276.98 nm
Mo II 277.54 nm
Mo II 278.00 nm
Mo II 281.62 nm
Zr II 284.46 nm
Mo II 284.82 nm
Mo II 285.32 nm
Mo II 286.38 nm
Mo II 287.15 nm
Ru I 290.89 nm
Mo II 308.76 nm
Mo II 312.20 nm
Mo I 313.26 nm
Mo I 320.88 nm
Ce II 322.71 nm
Zr II 327.31 nm
Zr II 327.93 nm
Zr II 328.47 nm
Zr II 343.82 nm
Mo I 383.38 nm
Zr I 386.39 nm
Zr I 389.03 nm
Mo I 390.30 nm
Th II 406.92 nm
Sr II 407.77 nm
Mo I 418.83 nm
Th II 420.89 nm
Sr II 421.55 nm
Nd II 423.24 nm
Ba II 455.40 nm
Th I 459.54 nm
Sr I 460.73 nm
Y I 467.49 nm
Zr I 468.78 nm
Zr I 468.85 nm
Mo I 470.72 nm
Zr I 471.01 nm
Sm I 476.03 nm
Zr I 477.23 nm
Th II 486.32 nm
Nd I 488.38 nm
Y II 490.01 nm
Th II 491.98 nm
Ba II 493.41 nm
Nd I 494.48 nm
Sr I 496.23 nm
Th II 513.11 nm
Ce I 513.78 nm
Ce I 560.13 nm
Ce I 569.70 nm

Revealing hidden spectral information of chlorine and sulfur in data of a mobile Laser-inducedBreakdown Spectroscopy system using chemometrics

Author: Gottlieb, C. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.04.001

Authors
Gunther, T. ; Millar, S. ; Wilsch, G.

Keywords

LIBS; Mobile LIBS; Chemometrics; PLS-R; Building materials;CONCRETE STRUCTURES; CALIBRATION; REGRESSION; TUTORIAL; LIMIT

Abstract

For the damage assessment of reinforced concrete structures the quantified ingress profiles of harmful species like chlorides, sulfates and alkali need to be determined. In order to provide on-site analysis of concrete a fast and reliable method is necessary. Low transition probabilities as well as the high ionization energies for chlorine and sulfur in the near-infrared range makes the detection of CI I and S I in low concentrations a difficult task. For the on-site analysis a mobile LIBS-system (lambda = 1064 nm, E-pulse <= 3 mJ, tau = 1.5 ns) with an automated scanner has been developed at BAM. Weak chlorine and sulfur signal intensities do not allow classical univariate analysis for process data derived from the mobile system. In order to improve the analytical performance multivariate analysis like PLS-R will be presented in this work. A comparison to standard univariate analysis will be carried out and results covering important parameters like detection and quantification limits (LOD, LOQ) as well as processing variances will be discussed (Allegrini and Olivieri, 2014 [1]; Ostra et al., 2008 [2]). It will be shown that for the first time a low cost mobile system is capable of providing reproducible chlorine and sulfur analysis on concrete by using a low sensitive system in combination with multivariate evaluation. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Building ; Concrete

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

S I 921.29 nm S I 922.81 nm S I 923.75 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cl I 833.33 nm Cl I 837.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 818.33 nm

Emmision lines:
Na I 818.33 nm
Cl I 833.33 nm
Cl I 837.59 nm
S I 921.29 nm
S I 922.81 nm
S I 923.75 nm

Thermal behaviour of LixMeO2 (Me = Co or Ni plus Mn plus Co) cathode materials

Author: Gotcu, P. ; et. al.

Journal: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00513j

Authors
Pfleging, W. ; Seifert, H. J. ; Smyreka, P.

Keywords

LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES; INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; TEMPERATURE HEAT-CAPACITY; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; INSERTION MATERIAL; COBALT OXIDE; LICOO2; LICO1/3NI1/3MN1/3O2; ELECTRODES; CONDUCTIVITY

Abstract

Thermal behaviour and thermophysical properties of two typical cathodes for lithium- ion batteries were studied in dependence of temperature. The cathode materials are composite thick films containing a mixture of 90 wt% LiMeO2 active material (with Me = Co or Me = Ni + Mn + Co, respectively) and additives (binder and carbon black), deposited on aluminium current collector foils. The thermal conductivity of each cathode type and their corresponding composite layers were determined up to 573 K from the measured thermal diffusivity, the specific heat capacity and the estimated density based on metallographic methods and structural investigations. In addition, the impact of lithiation degree x in LixMeO2 on the transport properties of cathode samples was also investigated. The quantitative determination and the homogeneity of Li content on the surface and within the bulk of the samples were validated by laserinduced breakdown spectrometry. The results presented here explain at cell component level, i.e. cathode material, the thermal runaway behaviour of lithium-ion batteries in a combined approach of application oriented and fundamental research. Therefore, these data are significant for improving the simulation studies of their thermal management, in which the bulk properties are assumed, as a common approach, temperature and lithiation degree independent.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Cathode material

Elements:

Emmision lines:

In Situ Underwater Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Analysis for Trace Cr(VI) in Aqueous Solution Supported by Electrosorption Enrichment and a Gas-Assisted Localized Liquid Discharge Apparatus

Author: Jiang, T. J. ; et. al.

Journal: Analytical Chemistry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00629

Authors
Guo, Z. ; Huang, X. J. ; Li, S. S. ; Liu, J. H. ; Ma, M. J. ; Yang, M. ; Zhao, N. J.

Keywords

INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION-SPECTROMETRY; COMPOSITE FILM ELECTRODES; RAY-FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM; WASTE-WATER; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; MATRIX CONVERSION; OXIDE COMPOSITES; METAL DETECTION

Abstract

Traditional laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIES) always fails to directly detect target in aqueous solution due to rapid quenching of emitted light and adsorption of pulse energy by surrounding water. A method is proposed for the in situ underwater LIES analysis of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution freed from the common problems mentioned above by combining a gas-assisted localized liquid discharge apparatus with electrosorption for the first time. In this approach, the introduction of the gas assisted localized liquid discharge apparatus provides an instantaneous gaseous environment for underwater LIES measurement (that is, the transfer of sampling matrix is not needed from aqueous solution to dry state). The preconcentration of Cr(VI) is achieved by electrosorption with a positive potential applied around adsorbents, which can promote the adsorption of Cr(VI) and inhibit that of the coexisting cations leading to a good anti interference. Amino groups functionalized chitosan-modified graphene oxide (CS-GO) is utilized for Cr(VI) enrichment, which can be protonated to form NH3+ in acidic condition promoting the adsorption toward Cr(VI) by electrostatic attraction. The highest detection sensitivity of 5.15 counts mu g(-1) L toward Cr(VI) is found for the optimized electrosorption potential (E-Es = 1.5 V) and electrosorption time (t(Es) = 600 s) without interference from coexisting metal ions. A corresponding limit of detection (LOD) of 12.3 mu g L-1 (3 sigma method) is achieved, which is amazingly improved by 2 or even 3 orders of magnitude compared to the previous reports of LIES.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Electrochemical cell ; Underwater

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 359.35 nm

Emmision lines:
Cr I 359.35 nm

Evolution of uranium monoxide in femtosecond laser-induced uranium plasmas

Author: Hartig, K. C. ; et. al.

Journal: Optics Express (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/OE.25.011477

Authors
Brumfield, B. E. ; Harilal, S. S. ; Jovanovic, I. ; Phillips, M. C.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; BORON ISOTOPIC RATIO; ABLATION PLASMAS; EMISSION FEATURES; INFRARED-SPECTRA; ENERGY-LEVELS; LIBS; NANOSECOND; SPECTROMETRY; PERFORMANCE

Abstract

We report on the observation of uranium monoxide (UO) emission following fs laser ablation (LA) of a uranium metal sample. The formation and evolution of the molecular emission is studied under various ambient air pressures. Observation of UO emission spectra at a rarefied residual air pressure of similar to 1 Torr indicates that the UO molecule is readily formed in the expanding plasma with trace concentrations of oxygen present within the vacuum chamber. The persistence of the UO emission exceeded that of the atomic emission; however, the molecular emission was delayed in time compared to the atomic emission due to the necessary cooling and expansion of the plasma before the UO molecules can form. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

Uranium metal

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

U I 415.40 nm U II 424.17 nm U II 424.44 nm U I 424.63 nm U I 462.02 nm U I 502.74 nm U I 528.04 nm U I 562.08 nm U I 591.54 nm U I 593.38 nm

Emmision lines:
U I 415.40 nm
U II 424.17 nm
U II 424.44 nm
U I 424.63 nm
U I 462.02 nm
U I 502.74 nm
U I 528.04 nm
U I 562.08 nm
U I 591.54 nm
U I 593.38 nm

Pulsed laser ablation of wire-shaped target in a thin water jet: effects of plasma features and bubble dynamics on the PLAL process

Author: Dell'Aglio, M. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa652a

Authors
Barcikowski, S. ; De Giacomo, A. ; Kohsakowski, S. ; Santagata, A. ; Wagener, P.

Keywords

laser ablation in liquid; silver NPs; laser induced plasma; shockwave; bubble dynamics; water jet; thin water layer; bubble near a free surface;FREE-SURFACE; CAVITATION BUBBLES; LIQUID-JET; WAVE; NANOPARTICLES; COLLAPSE; GENERATION; BREAKDOWN; EROSION; YIELD

Abstract

In this paper, emission spectroscopy and fast imaging surveys during pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) for nanoparticles (NPs) production have been used, in order to provide further details about the process involved and the potentialities offered by a wire-shaped sample ablated in a flowing water jet. This kind of set-up has been explored because the laser ablation efficiency in water increases when a thin water layer and a wire-shaped target are used. In order to understand the physical processes causing the increasing ablation efficiency, both the laser-induced plasma and bubble dynamics generated in a flowing liquid jet have been analysed. The plasma parameters and the bubble behaviour in such a system have been compared with those observed in conventional PLAL experiments, where either a bulk or a wire-shaped target is immersed in bulk water. From the data presented here it is evidenced that the plasma and shockwave induced during the breakdown process can play a direct role in the ablation efficiency variation observed. With regard to the cavitation bubbles evolving near a free surface (the interface between water and air) it should be noted that these have to be treated with caution as a consequence of the strong influence played in these circumstances by the boundary of the water jet during its expansion dynamics. The effects due to the size of the liquid layer, the presence of the water/air interface, the liquid characteristics, the target shape, the plasma evolution and the bubble dynamics together with their outcomes on the NPs' production, are presented and discussed.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Silver wire

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Laser induced damage studies in borosilicate glass using nanosecond and sub nanosecond pulses

Author: Rastogi, V. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.03.006

Authors
Chaurasia, S. ; Munda, D. S.

Keywords

Laser matter interaction; Microstructures and defects; Confinement geometry target; Glass transmission; Free electron density;FEMTOSECOND LASER; TRANSPARENT SOLIDS; INDUCED PLASMA; SHOCK-WAVES; LINES; ABLATION; SURFACE; TEMPERATURE; DIAGNOSTICS; DEPENDENCE

Abstract

Confinement geometry target assemblies are very important in the study of laser shocked materials. The shock pressure in confinement geometry depends on incident laser intensity and has main limitation of dielectric breakdown of transparent materials used for confinement. This makes study of damage mechanism induced by laser pulses in dielectric materials necessary. We investigated the front and rear surface damage threshold of borosilicate glass (dielectric material) and their dependency on laser parameters. The induced damage width, geometries and microstructure changes are analyzed with optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that at low energies symmetrical damages are found and these damage width increases nonlinearly with laser intensity. The emitted optical spectrum during the process of breakdown is also investigated and is used for the characterization of emitted plasma such as plasma temperature and free electron density. Optical emission lines from Si I, Si II and Si III ions are used for temperature and density estimations. The plasma temperature and density are measured as similar to 0.94 eV and 10(16)-10(17) cm(-3) respectively. All results are found consistent with the earlier, published results and are used in designing the confinement geometry targets for laser shock experiments. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Borosilicate glass

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Si I 243.51 nm Si I 288.16 nm Si I 298.76 nm Si I 390.55 nm Si I 492.17 nm Si I 500.61 nm Si I 656.06 nm Si II 385.60 nm Si II 413.09 nm Si II 504.10 nm Si II 505.60 nm Si II 634.71 nm Si II 637.14 nm

Emmision lines:
Si I 243.51 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Si I 298.76 nm
Si II 385.60 nm
Si I 390.55 nm
Si II 413.09 nm
Si I 492.17 nm
Si I 500.61 nm
Si II 504.10 nm
Si II 505.60 nm
Si II 634.71 nm
Si II 637.14 nm
Si I 656.06 nm

Orthogonal and Collinear Configurations in Double-Pulse Laser-Induced BreakdownSpectrometry to Improve Sensitivity in Chlorine Determination

Author: Zakuskin, A. S. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Applied Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s10812-017-0470-y

Authors
Belkov, M. V. ; Labutin, T. A. ; Popov, A. M. ; Zaytsev, S. M. ; Zorov, N. B.

Keywords

laser-induced breakdown spectrometry; chlorine; plants; concrete;SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract

We consider collinear and orthogonal beam-convergence configurations in double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS, also known as laser-spark emission spectrometry) for chlorine determination in plants and concrete from the Cl I 837.59 nm line. We have observed that the signal-to-noise ratio is not much lower for the orthogonal configuration due to spatial instability in the second breakdown. At the same time, suppression of interfering molecular bands in this configuration lets us improve the sensitivity of LIBS for chlorine determination in plant material.

Area:

Agriculture ; Environment ; Industry

Material:

Concrete ; Plant

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

C I 833.51 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cl I 837.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 838.78 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 833.51 nm
Cl I 837.59 nm
Fe I 838.78 nm

Characterization of Fly Ash Laser-Induced Plasma for Improving the On-line Measurement of Unburned Carbon in Gas-Solid Flow

Author: Yao, S. ; et. al.

Journal: Energy & Fuels (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02997

Authors
Bai, K. J. ; Lu, J. D. ; Lu, Z. M. ; Xu, J. L. ; Zhao, J. B.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; PARTICLES

Abstract

A new route for directly measuring the fly ash unburned carbon in a gas solid flow by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was proposed. A homemade gas-solid flow generation system was developed to simulate the gas solid flow in the duct of a coal-fired plant. For improving the measurement performance, the emission characteristics of the laser induced plasma, the influence of the fly ash mass flow rate, and the correlation between the unburned carbon content and the carbon emission intensity were studied in detail. The SNR of the Si spectral line at 288.15 nm was selected as the index for false spectra identification because the distribution of Si is not related to the particle size. The results highlight the change of the plasma shape and volume with fluctuations of the gas solid flow because of the uneven distribution of the fly ash particle size and number in the laser focal spot. The mass flow rate of the fly ash affected the false hit rate, while it did not affect the intensity of the analyte lines. The regression coefficients (R-2) between the normalized intensity of C 247.86 nm and the unburned carbon content improved from 0.93 to 0.98 when the false spectra were rejected. The good agreement between the normalized intensity of C 247.86 nm and the unburned carbon content indicates that LIBS can be developed as a promising tool for directly measuring the fly ash unburned carbon in a gas-solid flow.

Area:

Environment ; Industry

Material:

Carbon ; Fly ash

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 280.27 nm Mg I 285.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 251.61 nm Si I 252.41 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 247.86 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 256.80 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 239.86 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Ca I 239.86 nm
C I 247.86 nm
Si I 251.61 nm
Si I 252.41 nm
Al I 256.80 nm
Fe I 272.36 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm

The SuperCam Remote Sensing Instrument Suite for the Mars 2020 Rover: A Preview

Author: Wiens, R. C. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI:

Authors
Maurice, S. ; Perez, F. R.

Keywords

CHEMCAM; MISSION; UNIT

Abstract

The SuperCam remote sensing instrument suite under development for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Mars 2020 rover performs laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), remote Raman spectroscopy, visible and infrared (VISIR) reflectance spectroscopy, acoustic sensing, and high-resolution color imaging. The instrument builds on the successful architecture of the ChemCam instrument, which provides LIBS and panchromatic images on the Curiosity rover, adding remote Raman spectroscopy by frequency doubling the laser and using a gated intensified detector to obtain Raman signals at distances to 12 m. To the visible reflectance spectroscopy used by ChemCam, an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF)-based IR spectrometer is added to cover the 1.3-2.6 mu m range that contains important mineral signatures. A complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detector provides color (Bayer filter) images at a pixel resolution of 19 mu rad and an optical resolution of 30 mu rad. Sounds are recorded via a Knowles Electret microphone, which is the same one that was included but not used on two earlier missions. The acoustic signals of the LIBS plasmas will provide information on the hardness of the targets, while other sounds (wind, rover sounds) will also be recorded. The laser, telescope, IR spectrometer, and camera reside on the rover's mast and, are provided by the Centre national d'etudes spatiales (CNES), while the LIBS, Raman, and VIS spectrometers and data processing unit are built by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and reside in the rover body. A calibration target assembly provided by the University of Valladolid, Spain, resides on the back of the rover. The overall mass of the instrument suite is 10.7 kg.

Area:

Industry ; Mars

Material:

Rock

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 280.27 nm Mg I 285.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm

Emmision lines:
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Si I 288.16 nm

Analysis of carbon and nitrogen signatures with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; the quest for organics under Mars-like conditions

Author: Dequaire, T. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.02.015

Authors
Beck, P. ; Buch, A. ; Coll. P. ; Cousin, A. ; Gasnault, O. ; Jaber, M. ; Lasne, J. ; Maurice, S. ; Meslin, P. Y. ; Rapin, W. ; Szopa, C. P. P.

Keywords

INDUCED PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY; CHEMCAM INSTRUMENT SUITE; VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; GALE CRATER; RADIATION CONDITIONS; STEEL ANALYSIS; SURFACE; MOLECULES; ROVER

Abstract

Organic matter has been continuously delivered by meteorites and comets to Mars since its formation, and possibly formed in situ by abiogenic and/or biogenic processes, This organic matter may be preserved from the harsh oxidizing environment of Mars in specific locations. Together with water, organic molecules are necessary to the emergence of life as we know it. Since the first martian landers, scientists have been searching for organics and until today, only one positive detection has been made by a Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) instrument onboard the Curiosity rover. In this article we investigate a complementary approach to guide the search for organic matter using ChemCam, the first Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument on Mars. This experimental study focuses on the analysis of carbon and nitrogen LIBS signatures in organoclay samples and allows the determination of the critical level (L-c) and limit of detection (LoD) of these elements with LIBS under Mars-like conditions, giving new insights into the search of organic matter on Mars. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry ; Mars

Material:

Clay ; Mineral

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.42 nm O I 777.54 nm

Lines [nm]:

C II 723.64 nm

Lines [nm]:

N II 500.52 nm

Emmision lines:
N II 500.52 nm
C II 723.64 nm
O I 777.42 nm
O I 777.54 nm

Quantitative analysis of metals in waste foundry sands by calibration free-laser inducedbreakdown spectroscopy

Author: Pace, D. M. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.03.007

Authors
Di Rocco, H. O. ; Garcia, F. A. ; Legnaioli, S. ; Lorenzetti, G. ; Miguel, R. E. ; Palleschi, V. ; Pardini, L.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; LIBS; Waste sand; Plasma characterization;SELF-ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS; INDUCED PLASMA; EMISSION-LINES; NEUTRAL ATOM; LIBS; EMPHASIS; PROFILE; ALLOYS; MATRIX

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for quantitative analysis of the elemental composition of waste molding and core sands produced from industry as part of the casting process. To perform the analysis, waste foundry sands (WFS) were collected from metalcasting foundries and prepared in the form of solid pellets with the addition of polyvinyl alcohol as binder. The measurements were carried out using the Mobile double pulse instrument for LIBS analysis (Mod)). The spectral analysis was carried out with the calibration free approach (CF-LIBS). Metal elements commonly found in WFS including Al, Ba, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Pb, Ti, Zr, and Zn, were detected and quantified. The metal concentrations for WFS were compared with virgin sand to assess the influence of the casting material as well as the binders used in the foundries to reclaim the sands. The results demonstrated the feasibility of LIBS method as an alternative or complementary technique for the chemical characterization of WFS. (c) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Foundry sand

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ti I 334.19 nm Ti I 364.27 nm Ti I 365.35 nm Ti I 390.48 nm Ti I 398.18 nm Ti I 399.86 nm Ti I 453.48 nm Ti I 454.88 nm Ti I 498.17 nm Ti I 499.11 nm Ti I 499.95 nm Ti I 500.72 nm Ti I 501.42 nm Ti I 503.84 nm Ti II 323.90 nm Ti II 334.94 nm Ti II 336.12 nm Ti II 337.28 nm Ti II 338.38 nm Ti II 375.93 nm Ti II 376.13 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 249.06 nm Fe I 302.06 nm Fe I 306.72 nm Fe I 357.01 nm Fe I 368.75 nm Fe I 374.56 nm Fe I 374.95 nm Fe I 376.38 nm Fe I 385.64 nm Fe I 385.99 nm Fe I 432.58 nm Fe I 438.35 nm Fe I 440.48 nm Fe II 235.45 nm Fe II 240.49 nm Fe II 258.59 nm Fe II 259.94 nm Fe II 261.19 nm Fe II 273.95 nm Fe II 274.93 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 422.67 nm Ca I 430.77 nm Ca I 431.87 nm Ca I 445.48 nm Ca I 526.56 nm Ca I 559.45 nm Ca I 616.22 nm Ca II 315.89 nm Ca II 317.93 nm Ca I 370.54 nm Ca II 393.37 nm Ca II 396.85 nm Ca II 854.21 nm Ca II 866.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Zr I 360.12 nm Zr I 458.23 nm Zr I 468.78 nm Zr I 471.01 nm Zr I 473.95 nm Zr I 477.23 nm Zr I 481.50 nm Zr I 482.43 nm Zr II 339.20 nm Zr II 343.82 nm Zr II 349.62 nm Zr II 357.69 nm Zr II 367.47 nm Zr II 369.82 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm Si I 243.51 nm Si I 250.69 nm Si I 251.61 nm Si I 251.92 nm Si I 252.41 nm Si I 252.85 nm Si I 263.13 nm Si I 612.50 nm Si II 413.09 nm Si II 637.14 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Fe II 235.45 nm
Fe II 240.49 nm
Si I 243.51 nm
C I 247.86 nm
Fe I 249.06 nm
Si I 250.69 nm
Si I 251.61 nm
Si I 251.92 nm
Si I 252.41 nm
Si I 252.85 nm
Mn II 257.61 nm
Fe II 258.59 nm
Fe II 259.94 nm
Fe II 261.19 nm
Si I 263.13 nm
Fe II 273.95 nm
Fe II 274.93 nm
Mg I 277.98 nm
Mg I 278.30 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 279.80 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Fe I 302.06 nm
Fe I 306.72 nm
Al I 308.22 nm
Al I 309.27 nm
Ca II 315.89 nm
Ca II 317.93 nm
Ti II 323.90 nm
Zn I 330.26 nm
Ti I 334.19 nm
Ti II 334.94 nm
Ti II 336.12 nm
Ti II 337.28 nm
Ti II 338.38 nm
Zr II 339.20 nm
Zr II 343.82 nm
Zr II 349.62 nm
Fe I 357.01 nm
Zr II 357.69 nm
Al II 358.66 nm
Zr I 360.12 nm
Ti I 364.27 nm
Ti I 365.35 nm
Zr II 367.47 nm
Fe I 368.75 nm
Zr II 369.82 nm
Ca I 370.54 nm
Fe I 374.56 nm
Fe I 374.95 nm
Ti II 375.93 nm
Ti II 376.13 nm
Fe I 376.38 nm
Mg I 383.83 nm
Fe I 385.64 nm
Fe I 385.99 nm
Ti I 390.48 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Ca II 396.85 nm
Ti I 398.18 nm
Ti I 399.86 nm
Mn I 403.08 nm
Mn I 403.31 nm
Pb I 405.78 nm
Sr II 407.77 nm
Si II 413.09 nm
Ca I 422.67 nm
Ca I 430.77 nm
Ca I 431.87 nm
Fe I 432.58 nm
Fe I 438.35 nm
Fe I 440.48 nm
Ca I 445.48 nm
Ti I 453.48 nm
Ti I 454.88 nm
Ba II 455.40 nm
Zr I 458.23 nm
Sr I 460.73 nm
Zr I 468.78 nm
Zr I 471.01 nm
Zr I 473.95 nm
Zr I 477.23 nm
Zr I 481.50 nm
Zr I 482.43 nm
Sr I 486.87 nm
Sr I 489.20 nm
Ba II 493.41 nm
Ti I 498.17 nm
Ti I 499.11 nm
Ti I 499.95 nm
Ti I 500.72 nm
Ti I 501.42 nm
Ti I 503.84 nm
Mg I 516.73 nm
Mg I 518.36 nm
Ca I 526.56 nm
K I 533.97 nm
Ba I 553.55 nm
Ca I 559.45 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
Si I 612.50 nm
Ba II 614.17 nm
Ca I 616.22 nm
Mg II 634.67 nm
Si II 637.14 nm
H I 656.28 nm
Li I 670.78 nm
N I 742.36 nm
N I 744.23 nm
N I 746.83 nm
K I 766.49 nm
K I 769.90 nm
O I 777.42 nm
O I 794.76 nm
N I 818.49 nm
N I 818.80 nm
Na I 819.48 nm
N I 824.24 nm
O I 844.64 nm
Ca II 854.21 nm
Ca II 866.21 nm
N I 868.61 nm

Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to zirconium in aqueous solution

Author: Ruas, A. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.03.014

Authors
Akaoka, K. ; Matsumoto, A. ; Ohba, H. ; Wakaida, I.

Keywords

LIBS; Solution; Zirconium; Fukushima Dai-chi decommissioning; Ultra-thin liquid jet;WATER-BASED LIQUIDS; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; METALLIC TRACES; SPECTROMETRY; SINGLE; CHROMIUM; PLASMA; SPECIATION; SODIUM; DEBRIS

Abstract

In the context of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (F1-NPP) decommissioning process, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has many advantages. The purpose of the present work is to demonstrate the on-line monitoring capability of the LIBS coupled with the ultra-thin liquid jet sampling method. The study focuses on zirconium in aqueous solution, considering that it is a major element in the F1-NPP fuel debris that has been subject to only a few LIBS studies in the past. The methodology of data acquisition and processing are described. In particular, two regions of interest with many high intensity zirconium lines have been observed around 350 nm in the case of the ionic lines and 478 nm in the case of atomic lines. The best analytical conditions for zirconium are different depending on the analysis of ionic lines or atomic lines. A low LOD of about 4 mg L-1 could be obtained, showing that LIBS coupled with the ultra-thin liquid jet sampling technique is a promising alternative for more complex solutions found in the F1-NPP, namely mixtures containing zirconium. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Aqueous solution

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Zr II 339.20 nm Zr II 343.82 nm Zr II 347.94 nm Zr II 348.12 nm Zr II 349.62 nm Zr II 357.25 nm Zr II 361.31 nm Zr II 361.48 nm Zr I 468.78 nm Zr I 471.01 nm Zr I 473.95 nm Zr I 477.23 nm Zr I 481.56 nm

Lines [nm]:

H I 486.14 nm

Lines [nm]:

N I 821.63 nm

Emmision lines:
Zr II 339.20 nm
Zr II 343.82 nm
Zr II 347.94 nm
Zr II 348.12 nm
Zr II 349.62 nm
Zr II 357.25 nm
Zr II 361.31 nm
Zr II 361.48 nm
Zr I 468.78 nm
Zr I 471.01 nm
Zr I 473.95 nm
Zr I 477.23 nm
Zr I 481.56 nm
H I 486.14 nm
N I 821.63 nm

Standoff monitoring of aqueous aerosols using nanosecond laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy: droplet size and matrix effects

Author: Alvarez-Trujillo, L. A. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Optics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/AO.56.003773

Authors
Laserna, J. J. ; Lazic, V. ; Moros, J.

Keywords

INDUCED PLASMA; LIGHT-BEAMS; AIR; WATER; PARTICLES; VAPORIZATION; CONSTITUENTS; SPECTROMETRY; CLOUDS

Abstract

Nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been examined for the analysis of suspended matter in a free stream of air. The real-time monitoring of this scenario poses major challenges for an accurate categorization due to its changing characteristics such as composition, size, and density of particles. The effects of particle size and matrix in the optical emission responses registered from such scenarios have been evaluated. Distant (10 m) plasmas of saline solutions, containing either NaCl or Na2SO4 at different concentrations, have been induced by nanosecond laser pulses at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The effects of the droplet size and its concentration on differences in the laser-induced breakdown probability, the intensity of the characteristic lines, and the plasma emission continuum have been discussed. The quantification of sodium in distant water droplets has been proved. However, an initial knowledge on the average droplet size is required. The average droplet size could be determined from the slope of H I and O I lines versus the continuum plasma emission, which is only weakly influenced by the salt content in the droplets. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America.

Area:

Environment ; Industry

Material:

Water aerosol

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Quantification of SiO2 sintering additive in YAG transparent ceramics by laser-inducedbreakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

Author: Pandey, S. J. ; et. al.

Journal: Optical Materials Express (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/OME.7.001666

Authors
Baudelet, M. ; Esposito, L. ; Gaume, R. M. ; Hostasa, J. ; Martinez, M.

Keywords

QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS

Abstract

Transparent ceramics are important optical materials with applications in street lighting, high-strength windows, electro-and magneto-optical isolators, high-power laser gain media and radiation detectors. Their fabrication most often relies on powder densification techniques carried out at high temperatures, sometimes promoted by sintering additives. Here, we describe the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for following the concentration levels of silica used as a sintering agent in the fabrication of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) transparent ceramics. The sensitivity limit of our protocol reaches a few tens of ppm of silica in YAG ceramic samples, showing that LIBS can be implemented reliably for the rapid assessment of sintering additives in advanced ceramic processing. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

Ceramics ; Sintering agent

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Y I 288.65 nm Y I 291.90 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm

Emmision lines:
Si I 288.16 nm
Y I 288.65 nm
Y I 291.90 nm

A hybrid LIBS-Raman system combined with chemometrics: an efficient tool for plastic identification and sorting

Author: Shameem, K. M. M. ; et. al.

Journal: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0268-z

Authors
Bankapur, A. ; George, S. D. ; Choudhari, K. S. ; Kartha, V. B. ; Kulkarni, S. D. ; Santhosh, C. ; Unnikrishnan, V. K.

Keywords

Laser ablation; Raman spectroscopy; Chemometrics; Complementarity; Polymers;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; INDUCED PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY; ARTIFICIAL NEURAL-NETWORKS; POLYMER IDENTIFICATION; CLASSIFICATION; MICROSCOPY; PIGMENTS; SPECTRA; COPPER; NIR

Abstract

Classification of plastics is of great importance in the recycling industry as the littering of plastic wastes increases day by day as a result of its extensive use. In this paper, we demonstrate the efficacy of a combined laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)-Raman system for the rapid identification and classification of post-consumer plastics. The atomic information and molecular information of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene were studied using plasma emission spectra and scattered signal obtained in the LIBS and Raman technique, respectively. The collected spectral features of the samples were analyzed using statistical tools (principal component analysis, Mahalanobis distance) to categorize the plastics. The analyses of the data clearly show that elemental information and molecular information obtained from these techniques are efficient for classification of plastics. In addition, the molecular information collected via Raman spectroscopy exhibits clearly distinct features for the transparent plastics (100% discrimination), whereas the LIBS technique shows better spectral feature differences for the colored samples. The study shows that the information obtained from these complementary techniques allows the complete classification of the plastic samples, irrespective of the color or additives. This work further throws some light on the fact that the potential limitations of any of these techniques for sample identification can be overcome by the complementarity of these two techniques.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Plastics

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Identification and classification of polymer e-waste using laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy (LISS) and chemometric tools

Author: Costa, V. C. ; et. al.

Journal: Polymer Testing (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.02.017

Authors
Aquino, F. W. B. ; Paranhos, C. M. ; Pereira, E. R.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry; Polymers recycling; E-waste; Chemometrics;ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT WEEE; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PLASTICS; LIBS; INFORMATION; FRACTIONS; EFFICIENT

Abstract

In the recycling of polymer e-waste, there is a pressing need for rapid measurement technologies for the simple identification and classification of these materials. The goal of this work was to instantly identify e-waste polymers by laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS). The studied polymers were acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), and polyamide (PA). Emission lines were selected for C (247), H (656), N (742 + 744 + 747), and 0 (777), as well as the molecular band of C2 (516), and the ratios of the emission lines and molecular band were utilized. Classification models, k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), were used to rank the polymers. Both constructed models gave satisfactory results for the validation samples, with average accuracies of 98% for KNN and 92% for SIMCA. These results prove the predictive analytical capabilities of the LIBS technique for plastic identification and classification. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Polymer waste

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

N I 742.36 nm N I 744.23 nm N I 746.83 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.19 nm O I 777.42 nm O I 777.54 nm

Lines [nm]:

H I 656.28 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 247.86 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
H I 656.28 nm
N I 742.36 nm
N I 744.23 nm
N I 746.83 nm
O I 777.19 nm
O I 777.42 nm
O I 777.54 nm

Self-mixing interferometry as a diagnostics tool for plasma characteristics in laser microdrilling

Author: Colombo, P. ; et. al.

Journal: Optics and Lasers in Engineering (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2016.12.015

Authors
Demir, A. G. ; Norgia, M. ; Previtali, B.

Keywords

Process monitoring; Plasma temperature; Blast-wave theory; Laser microdrilling; Ablation;SHOCK-WAVE; ABLATION; DEPTH

Abstract

In this work, self-mixing interferometry (SMI) was used to monitor the optical path difference induced by the ablation plasma and plume. The paper develops the analytical relationships to explain the fringe appearance in the SMI during laser microdrilling. The monitoring principle was tested under a large experimental campaign of laser microdrilling on TiAlN ceramic coating with a low-ns green fibre laser. Key process parameters namely pulse energy, number and repetition rate were varied. The effect of side gas on the SMI signal characteristic was analysed. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to identify the plasma temperature and electron number density. The SMI signals were correlated to the plume size and its evolution as a function of process parameters, as well as electron number density estimated by spectroscopy. In addition to proving the validity of the proposed new method, the results show insights to the micromachining of the ceramic material with low ns pulses.

Area:

Industry ; Plasma diagnostics

Material:

Ceramic coating

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ti I 323.28 nm Ti I 335.29 nm Ti I 350.66 nm Ti I 363.80 nm Ti I 365.93 nm Ti I 368.73 nm Ti I 497.77 nm

Emmision lines:
Ti I 323.28 nm
Ti I 335.29 nm
Ti I 350.66 nm
Ti I 363.80 nm
Ti I 365.93 nm
Ti I 368.73 nm
Ti I 497.77 nm

Ultrasensitive nanoparticle enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using a super-hydrophobic substrate coupled with magnetic confinement

Author: Dong, D. ; et. al.

Journal: Chemical Communications (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09695f

Authors
Du, X. F. ; Jiao, L. Z. ; Zhao, C. J.

Keywords

SURFACES; WATER; LIBS; SERS; IMPROVEMENT; ABLATION; SAMPLES; SENSOR; FLUIDS

Abstract

In this study, we developed a substrate to enhance the sensitivity of LIBS by 5 orders of magnitude. Using a combination of field enhancement due to the metal nanoparticles in the substrate, the aggregate effect of super-hydrophobic interfaces and magnetic confinement, we performed a quantitative measurement of copper in solution with concentrations on the ppt level. We also demonstrated that the substrate improves quantitative measurements by providing an opportunity for internal standardization.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Liquid

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cd II 214.44 nm Cd II 226.50 nm Cd I 228.80 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 324.75 nm Cu I 327.40 nm

Emmision lines:
Cd II 214.44 nm
Cd II 226.50 nm
Cd I 228.80 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Cu I 327.40 nm

Laser-induced atomic emission of silicon nanoparticles during laser-induced heating

Author: Menser, J. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Optics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/AO.56.000E50

Authors
Daun, K. ; Dreier, T. ; Schulz, C.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; SATURATION VAPOR-PRESSURE; INDUCED INCANDESCENCE; SI-I; NANOSECOND; RADIATION; SURFACE

Abstract

The temporal luminescence behavior of silicon atoms during and after laser-heating of gas-borne silicon nanoparticles was investigated. Silicon nanoparticles were formed in the exhaust stream of a microwave plasma reactor at 100 mbar. The observed prompt atomic line intensities correspond with thermal excitation of the evaporated species. A prompt signal at 251.61 and 288.15 nm originating from the 3s(2)3p(2) -> 3s(2)3p4s transitions showed a lifetime of 16 ns that matches the documented excited-state lifetime for the respective transitions. A secondary delayed signal contribution with similar peak intensities was observed commencing approximately 100-300 ns after the laser pulse and persisting for hundreds of nanoseconds. This signal contribution is attributed to electron impact excitation or recombination after electron impact ionization of the silicon evaporated as a consequence of the laser heating of the plasma leading to non-thermal population of electronically excited silicon. The observations support a nanoparticle evaporation model that can be used to recover nanoparticle sizes from timeresolved LII data. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

Silicon

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Si I 251.61 nm Si I 288.16 nm

Emmision lines:
Si I 251.61 nm
Si I 288.16 nm

Elemental analysis of aluminum alloys by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy based on TEA CO2 laser

Author: Zivkovic, S. M. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Alloys and Compounds (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.060

Authors
Momcilovic, M. ; Mutic, J. ; Savovic, J. J. ; Trtica, M.

Keywords

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS); Transversely excited atmospheric carbondioxide (TEA CO2) laser; Aluminum alloys; Qualitative analysis; Quantitative analysis;INDUCED GAS PLASMA; SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; OPTICAL-EMISSION; LIBS; SAMPLES; PULSES; SPECTROMETRY; METALS; AIR

Abstract

The applicability of nanosecond infrared Transversely Excited Atmospheric (TEA) CO2 laser induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys was investigated. The plasma was generated by focusing a pulsed TEA CO2 laser that emits at 10.6 mu m on the Al target in ambient air at atmospheric pressure. The temporal profile of the laser pulse is composed of a 100 ns peak followed by a slowly decaying tail of about 2 mu s. The output pulse energy was approximately 160 mJ, thus the peak output power was estimated to be around 1.6 MW. Time-Integrated Space-Resolved Laser Induced BreakdownSpectroscopy (TISR-LIBS) was employed to obtain the emission spectra. The maximum intensity of emission, with sharp and well resolved spectral lines that were almost free of the background continuum, was obtained from plasma region 2 mm from the target surface. Linear calibration curves for Mg, Cr, Cu and Fe were obtained using aluminum alloy spectrochemical standards. The limits of detection for the investigated elements were in the 2-73 ppm range. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used as a reference technique to estimate the accuracy of LIBS determination by use of control samples with known compositions. Comparison of the obtained results with those available in the literature confirms that LIBS system based on TEA CO2 laser, in combination with TISR spectral measurements, can be successfully applied to qualitative and quantitative determinations of minor elements in aluminum based alloys. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Aluminium alloy

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 285.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 251.61 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ti II 323.45 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 357.87 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mn I 403.08 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Si I 251.61 nm
Fe II 259.94 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Ti II 323.45 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Cr I 357.87 nm
Mn I 403.08 nm

Comparative studies of long-wave laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy emissions excited at 1.064 mu m and eye-safe 1.574 mu m

Author: Brown, E. E. ; et. al.

Journal: Optics Express (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/OE.25.007249

Authors
Hommerich, U. ; Jin, F. ; Samuels, A. C. ; Trivedi, S. B. ; Yang, C. S. C.

Keywords

ARRAY DETECTION SYSTEM; ENERGETIC MATERIALS; SENSOR TECHNOLOGY; LIBS; SPECTRA; AIR; FEMTOSECOND; WAVELENGTHS; TIME

Abstract

In this work, comparative long-wave infrared (LWIR) laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) emission studies of two excitation sources: conventional 1.064 mu m and eye-safe laser wavelength at 1.574 mu m were performed to analyze several widely-used inorganic energetic materials such as ammonium and potassium compounds as well as the organic liquid chemical warfare agent simulant, dimethyl methylphosphate (DMMP). LWIR LIBS emissions generated by both excitation sources were examined using three different detection systems: a single element liquid nitrogen cooled Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) detector, an MCT linear array detection system with multi-channel preamplifiers + integrators, and an MCT linear array detection system with readout integrated circuit. It was observed that LWIR LIBS studies using an eye-safe pump laser generally reproduced atomic and molecular IR LIBS spectra as previously observed under 1.064 mu m laser excitation. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Explosives ; Industry

Material:

Nitrate ; Perchlorate

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Analysis of the trace elements in micro-alloy steel by reheating double-pulse laser-inducedbreakdown spectroscopy

Author: Wang, J. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s00340-017-6709-8

Authors
Li, H. L. ; Li, X. Z. ; Yin, C. L.

Keywords

PRE-ABLATION SPARK; ORTHOGONAL BEAM GEOMETRY; INDUCED PLASMAS; CONFIGURATION; SPECTROMETRY; EMISSION; MATRICES; SINGLE; LIBS

Abstract

Two Q-switched Nd: YAG lasers at 1064-nm wavelength have been employed to detect the trace elements in microalloy steel samples by single-pulse and reheating double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. It is found that the emission lines intensities of the trace elements were significantly enhanced by reheating double-pulse scheme. Furthermore, the extent of the enhancement of the line intensity was related to the excitation energy level of the emission line. Then, the emission enhancement was explained by the investigation of the spatial resolution of the plasma temperatures. The results have shown that the enhancement mechanism can be attributed to the greater and hotter plasma generated by the re-excitation of the reheating laser pulse in double-pulse scheme. Finally, calibration plots were constructed for Mn, Cr, and Cu using a set of certified microalloy steel samples. The detection limits of the trace elements were calculated for the reheating double-pulse scheme and compared to those of single-pulse scheme. It has been shown that the detection limits of the trace elements were improved by a factor of 1.81-3.46 when the reheating double-pulse scheme was used.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 344.06 nm Fe I 360.67 nm Fe I 361.88 nm Fe I 371.99 nm Fe I 373.71 nm Fe I 374.56 nm Fe I 385.99 nm Fe I 396.93 nm Fe I 411.85 nm Fe I 423.59 nm Fe I 430.79 nm Fe I 440.48 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 425.44 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mn I 403.08 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 324.75 nm

Emmision lines:
Cu I 324.75 nm
Fe I 344.06 nm
Fe I 360.67 nm
Fe I 361.88 nm
Fe I 371.99 nm
Fe I 373.71 nm
Fe I 374.56 nm
Fe I 385.99 nm
Fe I 396.93 nm
Mn I 403.08 nm
Fe I 411.85 nm
Fe I 423.59 nm
Cr I 425.44 nm
Fe I 430.79 nm
Fe I 440.48 nm

An exploratory study of the potential of LIBS for visualizing gunshot residue patterns

Author: Lopez-Lopez, M. ; et. al.

Journal: Forensic Science International (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.02.012

Authors
Alvarez-Llamas, C. ; Bordel, N. ; Garcia-Ruiz, C. ; Pisonero, J.

Keywords

LIBS; Gunshot residues; Distance estimation; Forensic analysis; Imaging;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; FIRING DISTANCE; IMAGE-ANALYSIS; FABRICS; SHOOTER; HANDS; DARK

Abstract

The study of gunshot residue (GSR) patterns can assist in the reconstruction of shooting incidences. Currently, there is a real need of methods capable of furnishing simultaneous elemental analysis with higher specificity for the GSR pattern visualization. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) provides a multi-elemental analysis of the sample, requiring very small amounts of material and no sample preparation. Due to these advantages, this study aims at exploring the potential of LIBS imaging for the visualization of GSR patterns. After the spectral characterization of individual GSR particles, the distribution of Pb, Sb and Ba over clothing targets, shot from different distances, were measured in laser raster mode. In particular, an array of spots evenly spaced at 800 mm, using a stage displacement velocity of 4 mm/s and a laser frequency of 5 Hz was employed (e.g. an area of 130 x 165 mm(2) was measured in less than 3 h). A LIBS set-up based on the simultaneous use of two spectrographs with iCCD cameras and a motorized stage was used. This set-up allows obtaining information from two different wavelength regions (258-289 and 446-463 nm) from the same laser induced plasma, enabling the simultaneous detection of the three characteristic elements (Pb, Sb, and Ba) of GSR particles from conventional ammunitions. The ability to visualize the 2D distribution GSR pattern by LIBS may have an important application in the forensic field, especially for the ballistics area. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Explosives ; Industry

Material:

Cloth ; Cotton

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Pb I 266.32 nm Pb I 261.42 nm Pb I 282.32 nm Pb I 283.31 nm Pb I 287.33 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe II 263.10 nm Fe I 270.66 nm Fe II 273.89 nm Fe II 275.57 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 280.27 nm Mg I 285.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 265.25 nm Al II 266.92 nm Al II 281.62 nm

Lines [nm]:

Sn I 284.00 nm Sn I 286.33 nm Sn I 452.47 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Sb I 259.81 nm
Pb I 261.42 nm
Fe II 263.10 nm
Al I 265.25 nm
Pb I 266.32 nm
Al II 266.92 nm
Fe I 270.66 nm
Fe II 273.89 nm
Fe II 275.57 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Al II 281.62 nm
Pb I 282.32 nm
Pb I 283.31 nm
Sn I 284.00 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Sn I 286.33 nm
Pb I 287.33 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Sn I 452.47 nm
Ba II 452.49 nm
Ba II 455.40 nm

Characterization of LIBS emission lines for the identification of chlorides, carbonates, and sulfates in salt/basalt mixtures for the application to MSL ChemCam data

Author: Anderson, D. E. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1002/2016JE005164

Authors
Clegg, S. M. ; Cousin, A. ; Delapp, D. ; Dyar, M. D. ; Ehlmann, B. L. ; Forni, O. ; Gasnault, O. ; Lasue, J. ; Maurice, S. ; McInroy, R. E. ; Schroder, S. ; Thomas, N. H. ; Wiens, R. C.

Keywords

LIBS spectroscopy; carbon; chlorine; sulfur; salts; Mars Science Laboratory;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; GALE CRATER; INSTRUMENT SUITE; MARS; MINERALOGY; CHEMISTRY; FEATURES; VEINS; ROCK; UNIT

Abstract

Ancient environmental conditions on Mars can be probed through the identification of minerals on its surface, including water-deposited salts and cements dispersed in the pore space of sedimentary rocks. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analyses by the Martian rover Curiosity's ChemCam instrument can indicate salts, and ChemCam surveys aid in identifying and selecting sites for further, detailed in situ analyses. We performed laboratory LIBS experiments under simulated Mars conditions with a ChemCam-like instrument on a series of mixtures containing increasing concentrations of salt in a basaltic background to investigate the potential for identifying and quantifying chloride, carbonate, and sulfate salts found only in small amounts, dispersed in bulk rock with ChemCam, rather than concentrated in veins. Data indicate that the presence of emission lines from the basalt matrix limited the number of Cl, C, and S emission lines found to be useful for quantitative analysis; nevertheless, several lines with intensities sensitive to salt concentration were identified. Detection limits for the elements based on individual emission lines ranged from similar to 20wt % carbonate (2wt % C), similar to 5-30wt % sulfate (1-8wt % S), and similar to 5-10wt % chloride (3-6wt % Cl) depending on the basaltic matrix and/or salt cation. Absolute quantification of Cl, C, and S in the samples via univariate analysis depends on the cation-anion pairing in the salt but appears relatively independent of matrices tested, following normalization. These results are promising for tracking relative changes in the salt content of bulk rock on the Martian surface with ChemCam.

Area:

Industry ; Mars

Material:

Basalt ; Salt

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cl II 385.17 nm Cl II 507.83 nm Cl I 509.98 nm Cl II 521.79 nm Cl II 539.21 nm Cl II 542.32 nm Cl II 544.34 nm Cl II 545.70 nm Cl I 725.66 nm Cl I 741.41 nm Cl I 754.71 nm Cl I 771.76 nm Cl I 774.50 nm Cl I 833.33 nm Cl I 837.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 247.86 nm C II 283.67 nm C I 711.52 nm C I 833.51 nm

Lines [nm]:

S II 542.87 nm S II 545.38 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
C II 283.67 nm
Cl II 385.17 nm
Cl II 507.83 nm
Cl I 509.98 nm
Cl II 521.79 nm
Cl II 539.21 nm
Cl II 542.32 nm
S II 542.87 nm
Cl II 544.34 nm
S II 545.38 nm
Cl II 545.70 nm
C I 711.52 nm
Cl I 725.66 nm
Cl I 741.41 nm
Cl I 754.71 nm
Cl I 771.76 nm
Cl I 774.50 nm
Cl I 833.33 nm
C I 833.51 nm
Cl I 837.59 nm

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Rapid Characterization of Lead-Free Gunshot Residues

Author: Fambro, L. A. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1177/0003702816689099

Authors
Dockery, C. R. ; Rosenberg, M. B. ; Vandenbos, D. D.

Keywords

Gunshot residue; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; LIBS; evidence preservation; scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; SEM-EDX;HANDS; AMMUNITION; SHOOTER

Abstract

This study investigated the use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX) as means of characterizing gunshot residue (GSR) originating from commercially available lead-free rounds. Data from two experiments are presented in this work. One experiment focused on identifying prominent analytical markers present in lead-free GSR by LIBS while the other applied SEM-EDX to determine the degree of evidence preservation after LIBS analysis. Samples of GSR were collected via tape-lift method from the hands of volunteer shooters and instrumental analyses were conducted in triplicate. As a result, the lead-free ammunition analyzed in this work generated GSRs comprising primarily Ba, Al, Si, and/or K. Trace amounts of Ti, Fe, and S were also apparent in some compositions. Through SEM-EDX analysis, a spheroidal geometry consistent with traditional lead-containing GSR was observed. Additionally, it was determined that evidence is preserved after LIBS analysis which supports the implementation of LIBS as a rapid preliminary screening method followed by confirmatory testing via SEM-EDX on the preserved evidence.

Area:

Explosives ; Industry

Material:

Gunshot residue

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR) Molecular Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Emissions of Thin Solid Explosive Powder Films Deposited on Aluminum Substrates

Author: Yang, C. S. C. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1177/0003702817696089

Authors
Brown, E. E. ; Hommerich, U. ; Jin, F. ; Samuels, A. C. ; Tripathi, A. ; Trivedi, S. B.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; LIBS; long-wave infrared spectra; explosives;ARRAY DETECTION SYSTEM; ENERGETIC MATERIALS; SPECTRA; PHASE; ACID; HMX

Abstract

Thin solid films made of high nitro (NO2)/nitrate (NO3) content explosives were deposited on sand-blasted aluminum substrates and then studied using a mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) linear array detection system that is capable of rapidly capturing a broad spectrum of atomic and molecular laser-inducedbreakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) emissions in the long-wave infrared region (LWIR; similar to 5.6-10 mm). Despite the similarities of their chemical compositions and structures, thin films of three commonly used explosives (RDX, HMX, and PETN) studied in this work can be rapidly identified in the ambient air by their molecular LIBS emission signatures in the LWIR region. A preliminary assessment of the detection limit for a thin film of RDX on aluminum appears to be much lower than 60 mg/cm(2). This LWIR LIBS setup is capable of rapidly probing and charactering samples without the need for elaborate sample preparation and also offers the possibility of a simultaneous ultraviolet visible and LWIR LIBS measurement.

Area:

Explosives ; Industry

Material:

Aluminium ; Explosive ; Substrate

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Rapid Determination of the Gross Calorific Value of Coal Using Laser-Induced BreakdownSpectroscopy Coupled with Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithm

Author: Lu, Z. ; et. al.

Journal: Energy & Fuels (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00025

Authors
Lu, J. D. ; Mo, J. H. ; Yao, S. C. ; Zhao, J. B.

Keywords

SITE QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; LIBS SPECTRA; POWER-PLANTS; ASH CONTENT; WELL LOGS; VALUE GCV; CALIBRATION; PREDICTION; MODEL; PERFORMANCE

Abstract

Online measurement for the gross calorific Value (GCV) of coal is important in the coal Utilization industry. This paper proposed a rapid GCV determination method that combined a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique with artificial neural networks (ANNs) and genetic algorithm (GA). Input variables were selected according to the physical mechanism and mathematical significance to improve the prediction of the ANN. GA was applied to determine an,optirnal architecture for the network instead of a trial and error method. As a result, the mean standard deviatiori (MSD) of the GCV for four prediction set samples is,0.38 MJ/kg in 50 trials (repetitions of training the ANN with the same; input data but different random initial weights and biases), proving that the ANN model is able to provide high modeling repeatability in the GCV analysis. The mean absolute error (MAE) of the GCV for the prediction set is 039 MJ/kg. The result meets the requirements (0.8 MI/kg) for coal online analyses using the neutron activation method in the Chinese national standard (GB/T 29161-2012).

Area:

Industry

Material:

Coal

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

H I 656.28 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 247.86 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.42 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 285.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 308.22 nm

...

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Al I 308.22 nm
Ti II 334.94 nm
Fe I 374.83 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
H I 656.28 nm
K I 766.49 nm
O I 777.42 nm

Microalgal consortia differentially modulate progressive adsorption of hexavalent chromium

Author: Nath, A. ; et. al.

Journal: Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0415-1

Authors
Rai, A. K. ; Sundaram, S. ; Tiwari, P. K.

Keywords

Micro-algal consortia; Pulse amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorescence (PAM); Scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Laser inducedbreakdown spectroscopy (LIBS); Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS);SYNECHOCYSTIS PCC 6803; BIOMASS; BIODIVERSITY; ACCUMULATION; DIVERSITY; PLANTS; CYANOBACTERIA; CARBOHYDRATE; BIOSORPTION; MECHANISMS

Abstract

A set of experiments was conducted to provide significant insights of micro-algal consortia regarding chromium adsorption. Four monocultures; Scenedesmus dimorphus, Chlorella sp., Oscillatoria sp., and Lyngbya sp., and their synthetic consortia were evaluated initially for chromium bio-adsorption at four different regimes of hexavalent chromium i.e. 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 ppm. Based on findings, only 1.0 and 5.0 ppm were considered for future experiments. Consequently, three different types of monoculture and consortia cells namely; live cells, heat-killed cells, and pre-treated cells were prepared to enhance their adsorption potential. Maximal adsorption of 112% was obtained at the dose of 1.0 ppm with 0.1% SDS pre-treated consortia cells over live consortia cells. In support, atomic absorption spectroscopy, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, pulse amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy were performed to assess the structural and functional changes within consortia and their utilization in mitigation of elevated chromium levels.

Area:

Environment ; Industry

Material:

Algae

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca II 315.89 nm Ca II 370.60 nm Ca II 373.69 nm Ca II 393.37 nm Ca II 396.85 nm Ca I 422.67 nm Ca I 430.25 nm Ca I 585.75 nm Ca I 610.27 nm Ca I 612.22 nm Ca I 616.13 nm Ca I 644.98 nm Ca I 646.26 nm Ca I 647.17 nm Ca I 649.38 nm Ca I 649.97 nm Ca I 714.82 nm Ca I 720.22 nm Ca I 732.62 nm Ca II 849.80 nm Ca II 854.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 277.67 nm Mg II 279.08 nm Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 280.27 nm Mg I 285.21 nm Mg I 382.94 nm Mg I 383.23 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na II 293.56 nm Na I 330.24 nm Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

K I 404.41 nm K I 404.72 nm K I 766.49 nm K I 769.90 nm

Lines [nm]:

N I 746.83 nm N I 822.31 nm N I 824.24 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Fe II 238.20 nm
C I 247.86 nm
Fe II 275.49 nm
Mg I 277.67 nm
Mg II 279.08 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Na II 293.56 nm
Fe II 294.77 nm
Ca II 315.89 nm
Na I 330.24 nm
Ca II 370.60 nm
Ca II 373.69 nm
Mg I 382.94 nm
Mg I 383.23 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Ca II 396.85 nm
K I 404.41 nm
K I 404.72 nm
Ca I 422.67 nm
Cr I 425.44 nm
Cr I 427.48 nm
Cr I 428.97 nm
Ca I 430.25 nm
Ca I 585.75 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
Ca I 610.27 nm
Ca I 612.22 nm
Ca I 616.13 nm
Ca I 644.98 nm
Ca I 646.26 nm
Ca I 647.17 nm
Ca I 649.38 nm
Ca I 649.97 nm
H I 656.28 nm
Ca I 714.82 nm
Ca I 720.22 nm
Ca I 732.62 nm
N I 746.83 nm
K I 766.49 nm
K I 769.90 nm
O I 777.42 nm
N I 822.31 nm
N I 824.24 nm
Ca II 849.80 nm
Ca II 854.21 nm

Quantitative Analysis of Manganese in Low Alloy Steel with Micro-Laser-Induced BreakdownSpectroscopy

Author: Wang, X. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2017)04-1254-05

Authors
Guo, L. B. ; Hao, Z. Q. ; Li, X. Y. ; Lu, Y. F. ; Zeng, X. Y.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Microscope optics; Mn; Quantitative analysis;SPECTROMETRY; SAMPLES; LIBS

Abstract

Manganese in the low alloy steel was analyzed quantitatively using micro-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. The spatial resolution of 20 mu m and the single pulse limit of detection of 0. 10% were obtained. The calibration curve of Mn was established with basic calibration method, with determination coefficient (R-2) of 0. 97. The average relative error of Mn concentration prediction on 7 samples is 12. 91%, and the root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) is 0. 11%. The R2 reaches 0. 99 when using internal calibration method, as well as the average relative error of Mn concentration prediction on 7 samples and RMSECV were decreased to 7. 25% and 0. 07%, respectively. These results show that MicroLIBS technique is an effective approach for material surfaces quantitative microanalysis.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Low alloy steel

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Optimizing the binder percentage to reduce matrix effects for the LIBS analysis of carbon in coal

Author: Yao, S. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c6ja00458j

Authors
Lu, J. D. ; Lu, Z. M. ; Xu, J. L. ; Zhao, J. B.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; SPECTRUM STANDARDIZATION; UNBURNED CARBON; FLY-ASH; SAMPLES; SPECTROMETRY; PELLETS; MODEL; PLANT

Abstract

Quantitative analysis of elements by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is significantly affected by matrix effects in coal. Coal powder was mixed with the KBr binder and pressed into pellets to reduce matrix effects. Four groups of mixed-pressed pellet samples were prepared from nine different coal types and different percentages of the KBr binder (KBr accounts for 0 wt%, 30 wt%, 60 wt%, and 90 wt%, respectively). To optimize the percentages of the KBr binder in the mixed-pressed pellets, the influence of KBr binder on laser-induced plasma was investigated in detail. The results indicate that the plasma excitation temperature decreases with increase of the KBr binder concentration. The difference of the excitation temperature between the nine different coal samples was minimal when KBr accounts for 60 wt% in the mixed-pressed pellets. The relative standard deviation of the excitation temperature is 4.26%. The matrix changes from coal to KBr when the percentages of KBr are higher than 60 wt%, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy images of the ablated crater. Finally, Si and K were individually chosen as the internal calibration element to construct the calibration curves of carbon. Better results were obtained when Si I 288.16 nm was used as the internal standard. The correlation coefficients R-2 of the four groups of mixed-pressed pellet samples are 0.835, 0.893, 0.983, and 0.903, respectively. Hence, the appropriate percentage of binders needs to be carefully confirmed to reduce matrix effects in quantitative analysis of coal by LIBS.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Coal ; Powder

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca II 315.89 nm Ca II 393.37 nm Ca II 396.85 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 193.09 nm C I 247.86 nm

Lines [nm]:

K I 691.11 nm K I 693.88 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 308.22 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 193.09 nm
C I 247.86 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Al I 308.22 nm
Ca II 315.89 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Ca II 396.85 nm
K I 691.11 nm
K I 693.88 nm

Dealloying evidence on corroded brass by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy mapping and depth profiling measurements

Author: Cerrato, R. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2016.11.006

Authors
Casal, A. ; Mateo, M. P. ; Nicolas, G.

Keywords

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS); 3D chemical maps; Brass oxidation; Dealloying/dezincification;INDUCED PLASMA SPECTROMETRY; CHEMICAL MAPS; ALLOYS; DEZINCIFICATION

Abstract

The dealloying phenomenon, also called demetalification, is a; consequence of a corrosion problem found in binary alloys where an enrichment of one of the two main elements of the alloy is produced at the expense of the leaching of the other element. In the present work, the ability of laser induced breakdownspectroscopy (LIBS) for the detection and characterization of dealloying films formed on metal has been tested. For this purpose, specific areas of brass specimens have been subjected to a chemical attack of the surface in order to produce a selective leaching of zinc or dezincification. For the lateral and in-depth characterization of the dealloyed areas by LIES, depth profiles, 2D and 3D maps have been generated from the treated samples and from a reference non-treated sample. The differences in the maps and depth profiles between the corroded and non-corroded regions have allowed to reveal the localization and extension of the dealloying process along the brass sample surface and to estimate the thickness of the dezincification layers, demonstrating the capability of LIBS technique for the characterization of dealloying phenomena. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Brass

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 521.82 nm

Lines [nm]:

Zn I 481.05 nm

Emmision lines:
Zn I 481.05 nm
Cu I 521.82 nm

Surrogate measurement of chlorine concentration on steel surfaces by alkali element detection via laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Xiao, X. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.02.011

Authors
Hartig, K. C. ; Jovanovic, I. ; Le Berre, S. ; Motta, A. T.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Stress corrosion cracking; Chlorine; Alkali elements;ATMOSPHERE

Abstract

Chlorine can play an important role in the process of stress corrosion cracking of dry cask storage canisters for used nuclear fuel, which are frequently located in marine environments. It is of significant interest to determine the surface concentration of chlorine on the stainless steel canister surface, but measurements are often limited by difficult access and challenging conditions, such as high temperature and high radiation fields. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) could enable chlorine concentration measurements while meeting the other constraints of this application, but suffers from high excitation energy of chlorine and the interference of the atomic emission lines of iron, thus limiting the sensitivity of detection, especially when LIBS has to be delivered over an optical fiber. We demonstrate that chlorine surface concentrations in the range of 0.5-100 mg/m(2) can be inferred by the detection and quantification of sodium contained in chlorine salts if the speciation and neutralization of salts are not of major concern, whereas minor components of sea salt such as magnesium and potassium are less attractive as surrogates for chlorine due to the lower sensitivity of LIBS for their detection and quantification. The limit of detection, measurement accuracy, and other features and limitations of this surrogate measurement approach are discussed. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm Na I 818.33 nm Na I 819.48 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 518.36 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cl I 837.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

K I 766.49 nm

Emmision lines:
Mg I 518.36 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
K I 766.49 nm
Na I 818.33 nm
Na I 819.48 nm
Cl I 837.59 nm

Atomization efficiency and photon yield in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis of single nanoparticles in an optical trap

Author: Purohit, P. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2017.02.009

Authors
Fortes, F. J. ; Laserna, J. J.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; LIBS; Solid aerosols; Single particle analysis; Optical catapulting; Optical trapping; Atomization efficiency; Photon yield;RADIATION PRESSURE; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; AIR-POLLUTION; BLACK CARBON; SIMULATION; LEVITATION; HEALTH; LIBS

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed for investigating the influence of particle size on the dissociation efficiency and the absolute production of photons per mass unit of airborne solid graphite spheres under single-particle regime. Particles of average diameter of 400 nm were probed and compared with 2 pm particles. Samples were first catapulted into aerosol form and then secluded in an optical trap set by a 532 nm laser. Trap stability was quantified before subjecting particles to LIBS analysis. Fine alignment of the different lines comprising the optical catapulting-optical trapping-laser-inducedbreakdown spectroscopy instrument and tuning of excitation parameters conditioning the LIBS signal such as fluence and acquisition delay are described in detail with the ultimate goal of acquiring clear spectroscopic data on masses as low as 75 fg. The atomization efficiency and the photon yield increase as the particle size becomes smaller. Time-resolved plasma imaging studies were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms leading to particle disintegration and excitation. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Environment ; Industry

Material:

Single nanoparticle

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

N II 399.50 nm

Lines [nm]:

Nb I 394.75 nm

Emmision lines:
Nb I 394.75 nm
N II 399.50 nm

Univariate and multivariate analyses of rare earth elements by laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy

Author: Bhatt, C. R. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Optics (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1364/AO.56.002280

Authors
Singh, J. P. ; Yueh, F. Y.

Keywords

PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; ICP-MS; EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; PRECONCENTRATION; SAMPLES; ROCKS; SOIL; CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEPARATION; THORIUM

Abstract

Univariate and multivariate analyses of six rare earth elements [cerium (Ce), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), and yttrium (Y)] have been performed using data from laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Binary mixtures of oxide forms of each rare earth element in an Al2O3 matrix with their concentrations varying from 1% to 10% by weight in powder form were used as working samples for univariate analysis. For multivariate analysis, complex mixtures of oxides of all these six rare earth elements and Al2O3 in powder form, where the concentration of each element oxide was varied from 1% to 50% by weight one by one, were used to record LIBS spectra. Optimum values of gate delay, gate width, and laser energy were used to get spectra from these samples and spectra were used to develop calibration models. The limits of detection for Ce, Eu, Gd, Nd, Sm, and Y were calculated to be 0.098%, 0.052%, 0.077%, 0.047%, 0.250%, and 0.036%, respectively, from the calibration curves. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Geology ; Industry

Material:

Rare earth oxide

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Spatially selective excitation in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with laser-induced fluorescence

Author: Li, J. ; et. al.

Journal: Optics Express (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/OE.25.004945

Authors
Guo, L. B. ; Hao, Z. Q. ; Li, X. Y. ; Lu, Y. F. ; Tang, S. S. ; Yi, R. X. ; Zeng, X. Y. ; Zhao, N. ; Zhou, R.

Keywords

QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; INSTRUMENT; ABSORPTION; PLASMA; COBALT; LEAD; SOIL; AIR

Abstract

Spatially selective excitation was proposed to improve excitation efficiency in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with laser-inducedfluorescence (LIBS-LIF). Taking chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) elements in steels as examples, it was discovered that the optimal excitation locations were the center of the plasmas for the matrix of the iron (Fe) element but the periphery for Cr and Ni elements. By focusing an excitation laser at the optimal locations, not only excitation efficiency but also the analytical accuracy and sensitivity of quantitative LIBS-LIF were better than those with excitation at the plasma center in conventional LIBS-LIF. This study provides an effective way to improve LIBS-LIF analytical performance. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 234.55 nm Fe I 306.72 nm Fe I 358.12 nm Fe I 427.18 nm Fe I 428.24 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 357.87 nm Cr I 425.44 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ni I 305.08 nm Ni I 234.55 nm

Emmision lines:
Fe I 234.55 nm
Ni I 234.55 nm
Ni I 305.08 nm
Fe I 306.72 nm
Cr I 357.87 nm
Fe I 358.12 nm
Cr I 425.44 nm
Fe I 427.18 nm
Fe I 428.24 nm

Emission enhancement of underwater collinear dual-pulse laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy with the second pulse defocused

Author: Xue, B. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Physics Letters (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1063/1.4977893

Authors
Li, N. ; Li, Y. D. ; Lu, Y. ; Zheng, R.

Keywords

BULK AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; SINGLE-PULSE; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; OPTICAL-BREAKDOWN; OCEANIC PRESSURES; PLASMA FORMATION; WATER; LIQUIDS; NANOSECOND; PARAMETERS

Abstract

Axial focusing arrangement effects on collinear dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (DP-LIBS) in a bulk solution were investigated by spectra and fast images. By properly defocusing the second laser pulse beyond the first laser formed bubble (LFB), brighter and larger plasmas could be produced due to higher breakdown efficiency and higher expansion efficiency. It is attributed to a distinct mechanism of underwater DP-LIBS that the plasma mostly forms at the bubble-water interface and then expands into the gaseous LFB. The results show that optimization of the axial focusing arrangement in underwater collinear DP-LIBS enables significant emission enhancements with relatively low laser energies. Published by AIP Publishing.

Area:

Geology ; Industry

Material:

Rock

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Zone Plate Fabrication Using a Low Power Femtosecond Laser

Author: Rodrigues, V. ; et. al.

Journal: Advanced Science Letters (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1166/asl.2017.8527

Authors
Barkur, S. ; Devangad, P. ; Chidangil, S. ; Mathur, D. ; Ramachandran, H.

Keywords

Fresnel Zone Plates; Femtosecond; Laser Direct-Write;PHOTON-SIEVE

Abstract

With an advantage in photonic integration and device miniaturization, fabrication of micron sized diffractive optical elements has gained attention due to their low volume, light weight and flexible design. We discuss the fabrication of phase zone plates in soda-lime and borosilicate glass using a femtosecond laser, and its characterization. Our technique of fabrication involves a one-step laser direct writing process in comparison to the popular photolithography based micro-structuring. In this work, the femtosecond laser oscillator system is used to successfully fabricate phase zone plate structures at low energies and high repetition rate. In addition to this, a laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) study was done to confirm the consistency of glass obtained from different manufacturers through its composition.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Borosilicate glass ; Soda-lime glass

Elements:

Emmision lines:

A comparative study of Cu-Ni Alloy using LIBS, LA-TOF, EDX, and XRF

Author: Ahmed, N. ; et. al.

Journal: Laser and Particle Beams (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1017/S0263034616000732

Authors
Ahmed, R. ; Baig, M. A. ; Rafique, M. S.

Keywords

CF-LIBS; CuNi alloy; Electron density; LA-TOFMS; LIBS; Plasma temperature; Quantitative analysis;LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN; QUANTITATIVE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; INDUCED PLASMA; SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTROMETRY; EMISSION

Abstract

LASER induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been used for the quantitative analysis of Cu-Ni alloy of known composition (75% Cu, 25% Ni) using the one line calibration free-LIBS (OLCF-LIBS), self-calibration-LIBS (SC-LIBS), calibration free LIBS (CF-LIBS), time of flight-mass spectroscopy (TOF-MS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). For the LIBS-based studies, the plasma was generated by focusing the beam of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (532 nm, pulse energy about 200 mJ, 5 ns pulse duration) while the sample was placed in air at an atmospheric pressure. Plasma temperature about (9500 +/- 300) K was calculated by the Boltzmann plot method using the neutral lines of Cu and Ni whereas the electron number density was calculated (2.0 +/- 0.5) x 10(16) cm(-3) from the Stark broadening of an isolated Cu line as well as using the relative intensities of the neutral and singly ionized optically thin lines in the Saha-Boltzmann equation. The elemental compositions determined by different LIBS methods and standard techniques are; OLCF-LIBS (69% Cu and 31% Ni), SC-LIBS (72% Cu and 28% Ni), CF-LIBS (74% Cu and 26% Ni), TOF (74% Cu and 26% Ni), EDX (75% Cu and 24.5% Ni), XRF (73% Cu and 24.7% Ni), and LA-TOF (74% Cu and 26% Ni). It is demonstrated that the CF-LIBS method gives compositions comparable with that determined by LA-TOF, EDX, or XRF, which is also in agreement with the certified reported composition.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Copper-nickel alloy

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ni I 300.25 nm Ni I 301.20 nm Ni I 305.08 nm Ni I 339.30 nm Ni I 344.63 nm Ni I 345.85 nm Ni I 346.17 nm Ni I 356.64 nm Ni I 490.44 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 296.12 nm Cu I 450.94 nm Cu I 453.97 nm Cu I 458.70 nm Cu I 510.55 nm Cu I 515.32 nm Cu I 521.82 nm Cu I 570.02 nm Cu I 578.21 nm

Emmision lines:
Cu I 296.12 nm
Ni I 300.25 nm
Ni I 301.20 nm
Ni I 305.08 nm
Ni I 339.30 nm
Ni I 344.63 nm
Ni I 345.85 nm
Ni I 346.17 nm
Ni I 356.64 nm
Cu I 450.94 nm
Cu I 453.97 nm
Cu I 458.70 nm
Ni I 490.44 nm
Cu I 510.55 nm
Cu I 515.32 nm
Cu I 521.82 nm
Cu I 570.02 nm
Cu I 578.21 nm

Magnetic field effect on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and surface modifications of germanium at various fluences

Author: Iftikhar, H. ; et. al.

Journal: Laser and Particle Beams (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1017/S0263034617000039

Authors
Akram, M. ; Amin, S. ; Bashir, S. ; Dawood, A. A. M. ; Hayat, A. ; Mahmood, K. ; Murtaza, F. ; Zaheer, A.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Electron temperature; Number density; Magnetic confinement; Surface structuring;X-RAY-EMISSION; OPTICAL-EMISSION; ELECTRON-DENSITY; CARBON PLASMA; AMBIENT GAS; ABLATION; PLUME; TEMPERATURE; CONFINEMENT; PARAMETERS

Abstract

The effect of the transverse magnetic field on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and surface modifications of germanium (Ge) has been investigated at various fluences. Ge targets were exposed to Nd: YAG laser pulses (1064 nm, 10 ns, 1 Hz) at different fluences ranging from 3 to 25.6 J/cm(2) to generate Ge plasma under argon environment at a pressure of 50 Torr. The magnetic field of strength 0.45 Tesla perpendicular to the direction of plasma expansion was employed by using two permanent magnets. The emission spectra of laser-induced Ge plasma was detected by the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopysystem. The electron temperature and number density of Ge plasma are evaluated by using the Boltzmann plot and stark broadening methods, respectively. The variations in emission intensity, electron temperature (T-e), and number density (n(e)) of Germanium plasma are explored at various fluences, with and without employment of the magnetic field. It is observed that the magnetic field is responsible for significant enhancement of both excitation temperature and number density at all fluences. It is revealed that an excitation temperature increases from T-e,T-max,T-without B = 16,190 to T-e,T-max,T-with B = 20,123 K. Similarly, the two times enhancement in the electron density is observed from n(e,max,without B) = 2 x 10(18) to n(e,max,with B) = 4 x 10(18) cm(-3). The overall enhancement in Ge plasma parameters in the presence of the magnetic field is attributed to the Joule heating effect and adiabatic compression. With increasing fluence both plasma parameters increase and achieve their maxima at a fluence of 12.8 J/cm(2) and then decrease. In order to correlate the plasma parameters with surface modification, scanning electron microscope analysis of irradiated Ge was performed. Droplets and cones are formed for both cases. However, the growth of ridges and distinctness of features is more pronounced in case of the absence of the magnetic field; whereas surface structures become more diffusive in the presence of the magnetic field.

Area:

Industry ; Plasma diagnostics

Material:

Germanium

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ge I 561.61 nm Ge I 562.14 nm Ge II 589.34 nm Ge II 648.42 nm

Emmision lines:
Ge I 561.61 nm
Ge I 562.14 nm
Ge II 589.34 nm
Ge II 648.42 nm

Experimental Characterization and Modeling for Equivalence Ratio Sensing in Non-premixed Flames Using Chemiluminescence and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Techniques

Author: Merotto, L. ; et. al.

Journal: Energy & Fuels (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b03094

Authors
Commodo, M. ; D'Anna, A. ; De Iuliis, S. ; Donde, R. ; Sirignano, M.

Keywords

METHANE-AIR FLAMES; DIFFUSION FLAMES; CH-ASTERISK; OH-ASTERISK; SOOT; DIAGNOSTICS; EMISSION; FRACTION; MIXTURE; ETHANE

Abstract

Real-time monitoring of the local equivalence ratio is of primary importance for combustion efficiency improvement. Chemiluminescence and laser-inducedbreakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurements can be powerful tools for sensing the equivalence ratio. Radicals, such as OH*, CH*, and C-2*, are formed within the flame front, and consequently, the related chemiluminescence emission can be considered as a marker to follow the evolution of combustion processes. From LIBS measurements, the ratio of two characteristic spectral lines of fuel (H) and oxidizer (0) is related to the equivalence ratio. In this work, LIBS measurements have been carried out in premixed flames of known equivalence ratio for calibration purposes. Then, the application to non-premixed flames has been performed to evaluate the local equivalence ratio. Chemiluminescence emission spectra have also been collected, and the values of OH*, CH*, and C-2* have been properly evaluated, taking into account the contribution of CO2* broad band emission. A methane co-flow diffusion flame has been investigated along the centerline as well as at three cross sections, and the local equivalence ratio profiles obtained by LIBS have been compared to CH* chemiluminescence profiles. Finally, the experimental data obtained were compared to the results of a detailed chemical kinetic model.

Area:

Environment ; Industry

Material:

Flame

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.19 nm O I 777.42 nm O I 777.54 nm

Lines [nm]:

H I 656.28 nm

Emmision lines:
H I 656.28 nm
O I 777.19 nm
O I 777.42 nm
O I 777.54 nm

Detection of trace substances adhered to a metal surface by laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy

Author: Kawaguchi, Y. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c7ja00006e

Authors
Ohmura, H. ; Sato, T.

Keywords

ECHELLE SPECTROMETER; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; INDUCED PLASMA; LIBS LIMIT; ALLOYS; SALT; AIR

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to inspect trace substances on aluminum alloy surfaces. Silicone oil, which is often used as a release agent, was employed as the adhered substance. Nanosecond laser pulses at UV wavelengths (KrF laser, lambda = 248 nm) were employed for the LIBS measurements. Although the absorption of silicone oil at 248 nm was negligible, the Si emission of surface-adhered silicone oil was detected. The intensity ratio of the Si emission at 288 nm to the Al emission at 309 nm increased with increasing surface concentrations in the range 1-35 mu g cm(-2), and a linear dependence on the silicone oil surface concentration was observed at low surface concentrations (<5.0 mu g cm(-2)). The limit of detection was evaluated to be 1.18 mu g cm(-2).

Area:

Industry

Material:

Metal surface

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 280.27 nm Mg I 285.21 nm Mg I 383.23 nm Mg I 383.83 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 308.22 nm Al I 309.27 nm Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm Si I 390.55 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 324.75 nm Cu I 327.40 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 358.09 nm

Emmision lines:
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Al I 308.22 nm
Al I 309.27 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Cu I 327.40 nm
Fe I 358.09 nm
Mg I 383.23 nm
Mg I 383.83 nm
Si I 390.55 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm

Titanium distribution profiles obtained by luminescence and LIBS measurements on Ti: Al2O3 grown by Czochralski and Kyropoulos techniques

Author: Alombert-Goget, G. ; et. al.

Journal: Optical Materials (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2016.09.049

Authors
Barthalay, N. ; Lebbou, K. ; Li, H. ; Motto-Ros, V. ; Pezzani, C. ; Silvestre, M. ; Trichard, F.

Keywords

Ti-doped sapphire; Titanium distribution; Kyropoulos; Czochralski; LIBS measurement;SAPPHIRE LASER; CRYSTALS; TI-AL2O3

Abstract

The titanium distributions in Ti-doped sapphires grown by Czochralski and Kyropoulos techniques were evaluated using Laser-Induced BreakdownSpectroscopy (LIBS) and luminescence characterizations. Distinctly different radial profiles of Ti4+ distribution were observed in the as grown Ti: Al2O3 crystals. The TO4+ distribution in the crystal grown by Kyropoulos technique was analyzed as a function of the specific of the growth technique, the conclusion is significant for Ti: sapphire on laser-application. Kyropoulos technique presents an advantage to reduce the proportion of Ti4+ in Ti: sapphire comparing to Czochralski technique. (C)2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Area:

Industry

Material:

Titanium doped saphire

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Study on Detection Sensitivity of Heavy Metal in Water Based on LIBS Combined with Electrode Enrichment Method

Author: Wang, Y. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2017)03-0884-05

Authors
Fang, L. ; Gu, Y. H. ; Jia, Y. ; Liu, J. G. ; Liu, W. Q. ; Ma, M. J. ; Meng, D. S. ; Yu, Y. ; Zhao, N. J.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS); Electrode enrichment; Limit of detection; Heavy metal in water;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract

In order to improve the detection sensitivity of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIES) and lower the limit of the detection of elements, LIBS combined with Aluminum electrode enrichment method is adopted to analyze heavy metals such as Pb, Cdand Ni in the water. The relationship between the characteristic spectral intensity and the key parameters-voltage of electrode method is discussed, the spectral intensity increases first and then decreases with the increase of voltage. The spectral intensity reaches-the maximum value when the enrichment voltage is 1.2 V while the optimal enrichment voltage value is 1.2 V. The stability of characteristic spectral lines of heavy metals is studied, and the relative standard deviation(RSD) of spectral intensity of Pb, Cd and Ni is 5.98%, 4.25 % and 5.27% respectively, the result shows that the spectral line obtained by this method has high stability. A series of samples in the range of 0 similar to 0.13mg.L-1 are prepared and quantitatively analyzed, the limit of detection of Pb, Cd and Ni is obtained 1.2, 3.1 and 1.7 ppb respectively. The above result shows that LTBS combined with aluminum electrode enrichment method can effectively improve the stability of characteristic spectral lines and lower the limit of detection of Pb,Cd and Ni. This research also provides a method to further improve detection sensitivity of LIES and analysis ability of heavy metal in the water.

Area:

Environment ; Industry

Material:

Water

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Calibration-free quantitative analysis of elemental ratios in intermetallic nanoalloys and nanocomposites using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Author: Davari, S. A. ; et. al.

Journal: Talanta (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.031

Authors
Hu, S. ; Mukherjee, D.

Keywords

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS); Intermetallic nanoalloys; Nanocomposites Calibration-free; Quantitative analysis;OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION; PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; BIFUNCTIONAL ELECTROCATALYSTS; OXIDE NANOPARTICLES; EVOLUTION REACTIONS; ABLATION SYNTHESIS; CATALYTIC-ACTIVITY; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; ALLOY; COBALT

Abstract

Intermetallic nanoalloys (NAs) and nanocomposites (NCs) have increasingly gained prominence as efficient catalytic materials in electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems. But their morphology and chemical compositions play critical role in tuning their catalytic activities, and precious metal contents. While advanced microscopy techniques facilitate morphological characterizations, traditional chemical characterizations are either qualitative or extremely involved. In this study, we apply Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for quantitative compositional analysis of NAs and NCs synthesized with varied elemental ratios by our in-house built pulsed laser ablation technique. Specifically, elemental ratios of binary PtNi, PdCo (NAs) and PtCo (NCs) of different compositions are determined from LIBS measurements employing an internal calibration scheme using the bulk matrix species as internal standards. Morphology and qualitative elemental compositions of the aforesaid NAs and NCs are confirmed from Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) measurements. LIBS experiments are carried out in ambient conditions with the NA and NC samples drop cast on silicon wafers after centrifugation to increase their concentrations. The technique does not call for cumbersome sample preparations including acid digestions and external calibration standards commonly required in Inductively Coupled Plasma -Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) techniques. Yet the quantitative LIBS results are in good agreement with the results from ICP-OES measurements. Our results indicate the feasibility of using LIBS in future for rapid and in situ quantitative chemical characterizations of wide classes of synthesized NM and NCs.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Nanoalloy ; Nanocomposite

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Pt I 262.80 nm Pt I 265.95 nm Pt I 283.03 nm Pt I 289.39 nm Pt I 292.98 nm Pt I 299.80 nm Pt I 304.26 nm Pt I 306.47 nm Pt I 330.19 nm

Lines [nm]:

Pd I 247.64 nm Pd I 276.31 nm Pd I 324.27 nm Pd I 346.07 nm Pd I 351.69 nm Pd I 360.95 nm

Lines [nm]:

Co I 340.51 nm Co I 344.36 nm Co I 345.35 nm Co I 350.23 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.19 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ni I 349.30 nm

Emmision lines:
Pd I 247.64 nm
Pt I 262.80 nm
Pt I 265.95 nm
Pd I 276.31 nm
Pt I 283.03 nm
Pt I 289.39 nm
Pt I 292.98 nm
Pt I 299.80 nm
Pt I 304.26 nm
Pt I 306.47 nm
Pd I 324.27 nm
Pt I 330.19 nm
Co I 340.51 nm
Co I 344.36 nm
Co I 345.35 nm
Pd I 346.07 nm
Ni I 349.30 nm
Co I 350.23 nm
Pd I 351.69 nm
Pd I 360.95 nm
O I 777.19 nm

Single and double long pulse laser ablation of aluminum induced in air and water ambient

Author: Jafarabadi, M. A. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Surface Science (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.018

Authors
Mahdieh, M. H.

Keywords

Double pulse laser ablation; Laser induced phase explosion; Plasma expansion; Pre plasma formation; Single pulse laser ablation; Water interaction ambient;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; PHASE-EXPLOSION; NANOSECOND; METALS; PLASMA; ENHANCEMENT; THRESHOLDS

Abstract

In this paper, single pulse and double pulse laser ablation of an aluminum target in two interaction ambient was investigated experimentally. The interaction was performed by nanosecond Nd:YAG laser beam in air and four depths (i.e. 9, 13, 17, and 21 mm) of distilled water ambient. The irradiation was carried out in single and collinear double pulse configurations in both air and liquid ambient. Crater geometry (depth and diameter) was measured by an optical microscope. The results indicated that the crater geometry strongly depends on both single pulse and double pulse configurations and interaction ambient. In single pulse regime, the crater diameter is higher for all water depths compared to that of air. However, the crater depth, depend on water depth, is higher or lower than the crater depth in air. In double pulse laser ablation, there are greater values for both crater diameters and crater depths in the water. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Aluminium

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Simulation of ablation and plume dynamics under femtosecond double-pulse laser irradiation of aluminum: Comparison of atomistic and continual approaches

Author: Fokin, V. B. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Surface Science (2017)

Fundamentals

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.208

Authors
Levashov, P. R. ; Povarnitsyn, M. E.

Keywords

Double-pulse laser ablation; Molecular dynamics; Hydrodynamics; Crater depth; Plume reheating;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; METAL TARGETS; SPALLATION; SINGLE

Abstract

We elaborated two numerical methods, two-temperature hydrodynamics and hybrid two-temperature molecular dynamics, which take into account basic mechanisms of a metal target response to ultra short laser irradiation. The model used for the description of the electronic subsystem is identical for both approaches, while the ionic part is defined by an equation of state in hydrodynamics and by an interatomic potential in molecular dynamics. Since the phase diagram of the equation of state and corresponding potential match reasonably well, the dynamics of laser ablation obtained by both methods is quite similar. This correspondence can be considered as a first step towards the development of a self consistent combined model. Two important processes are highlighted in simulations of double-pulse ablation: (1) the crater depth decrease as a result of recoil flux formation in the nascent plume when the delay between the pulses increases; (2) the plume reheating by the second pulse that gives rise to two three-fold growth of the electron temperature with the delay varying from 0 to 200 ps. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Area:

Industry ; Plasma dynamics

Material:

Aluminium

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Quantitative analysis of steel samples using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with an artificial neural network incorporating a genetic algorithm

Author: Li, K. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Optics (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1364/AO.56.000935

Authors
Guo, L. B. ; Li, J. M. ; Li, X. Y. ; Lu, Y. F. ; Yang, X. Y. ; Yi, R. X. ; Zeng, X. Y.

Keywords

IMPROVEMENT; CHEMOMETRICS; SPECTROMETRY; CONFINEMENT; CALIBRATION; SELECTION; PLASMA; LIBS; SOIL

Abstract

In this work, a genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to select the intensity ratios of the spectral lines belonging to the target and domain matrix elements, then these selected line-intensity ratios were taken as inputs to construct an analysis model based on an artificial neural network (ANN) to analyze the elements copper (Cu) and vanadium (V) in steel samples. The results revealed that the root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEPs) for the elements Cu and V can reach 0.0040 wt. % and 0.0039 wt. %, respectively. Compared to 0.0190 wt. % and 0.0201 wt. % of the conventional internal calibration approach, the reduction rates of the RMSEP values reached 78.9% and 80.6%, respectively. These results indicate that the GA combining ANN can excellently execute the quantitative analysis in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for steel samples and further improve analytical accuracy. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Inhibition of Sodium Release from Zhundong Coal via the Addition of Mineral Additives: Online Combustion Measurement with Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Author: He, Y. ; et. al.

Journal: Energy & Fuels (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01673

Authors
Cen, K. F. ; Liu, J. Z. ; Liu, Y. Z. ; Wang, Z. H. ; Whiddon, R. ; Zhu, Y. Q.

Keywords

VICTORIAN BROWN-COAL; FIXED-BED REACTOR; ASH DEPOSITION; ALKALI REMOVAL; ATOMIC SODIUM; SORBENTS; GASIFICATION; TEMPERATURE; MECHANISMS; CORROSION

Abstract

Zhundong coal represents a large portion of China's future energy supply, because of the large reserve capacity. Although Zhungdong coal has low ash and good ignition characteristics, it also contains large amounts of sodium, which can foul and corrode heat-transfer surfaces. For economically viable use of Zhundong coal or other high-alkali coals, the alkali release must be mitigated prior to or within the burner. This can be done either by washing the coal,, using sorbents to trap the sodium, or a combination of these methods. Additive influence on the release of sodium over the entire coal combustion process was measured using a calibrated laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. The additives used were alumina, silica, and five mineral sorbents comprising blends of silica, alumina, and various other inorganic compounds; different coal/sorbent ratios were assessed (1%, 3%, and 5% additive, by weight). During the three stages of sample coal combustion, it was found that the first stage, devolatilization, releases only similar to 1.2% of the total sodium; the char combustion stage releases similar to 28% of the total sodium; and the ash stage releases the vast majority of sodium (similar to 70%). The peak instantaneous release rate occurs during the char combustion stage. The sodium retention efficiency for all of the sorbents tested was lowest during the devolatilization stage and there was no appreciable change to the duration of the stage. Sodium retention efficiency was greatest in the ash stage, primarily due to the sheer amount of sodium released during this stage. The ash stage was effectively shortened, in proportion to the retention efficiency of the sorbent. The sodium release during the char combustion stage showed an obvious difference in profile for the various types of sorbent tested. Alumina was the least effective in reducing sodium release and retained the characteristic shape of sodium release from raw coal during this stage. Silica and sepiolite demonstrated similar sodium release profiles, which were markedly different than the sodium release profiles of either alumina or aluminosilicate mineral samples. Time-resolved sodium retention plots show an enhancement in the sodium retention by alumina during the char burnout. The addition of sodium sorbent to the coal extended the duration of the char burnout stage, which may indicate that the reduction of available sodium reduces the alkali catalysis of the char decomposition.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Coal

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm

Emmision lines:
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm

Quantification of non-stoichiometry in YAG ceramics using laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy

Author: Pandey, S. J. ; et. al.

Journal: Optical Materials Express (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1364/OME.7.000627

Authors
Baudelet, M. ; Gaume, R. M. ; Martinez, M. ; Motto-Ros, V. ; Pelascini, F.

Keywords

BISMUTH TANTALATE CERAMICS; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; TRANSPARENT CERAMICS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; THIN-FILMS; MICROSTRUCTURE; FABRICATION; ABSORPTION

Abstract

Strict control of composition is of paramount importance for the reproducible fabrication of advanced ceramics. In particular, the preparation of high-grade transparent ceramics of definite line-compounds requires that the ratio of major constitutive elements be quantified with a precision better than a fraction of a mole percent to prevent the precipitation of secondary phases and the scattering of light. Such a requirement poses difficult challenges to most analytical methods, especially when applied to nearly-stoichiometric insulating phases. In this work, we show that laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a well-suited technique for the assessment of non-stoichiometry in yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) ceramics and that the aluminum to yttrium ratio can be determined with a resolution of 0.3 mol %, well within the phase boundaries of YAG. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

Area:

Industry

Material:

YAG ceramics

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Al II 281.62 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm

Lines [nm]:

Y II 278.52 nm

Emmision lines:
Y II 278.52 nm
Al II 281.62 nm
Si I 288.16 nm

Evaluation of sandstone surface relaxivity using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Washburn, K. E. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Magnetic Resonance (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.12.004

Authors
Cheng, Y. S. ; Sandor, M.

Keywords

NMR; LIBS; Surface relaxivity; Paramagnetic impurities; Porous media;NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RELAXATION; POROUS-MEDIA WETTABILITY; TO-VOLUME RATIO; SEDIMENTARY-ROCKS; NMR RELAXOMETRY; PROTON NMR; PORE SIZES; DIFFUSION; VALIDATION; REGRESSION

Abstract

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry is a common technique used to assess the pore size of fluid-filled porous materials in a wide variety of fields. However, the NMR signal itself only provides a relative distribution of pore size. To calculate an absolute pore size distribution from the NMR data, the material's surface relaxivity needs to be known. Here, a method is presented using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to evaluate surface relaxivity in sandstones. NMR transverse and longitudinal relaxation was measured on a set of sandstone samples and the surface relaxivity was calculated from the pore size distribution determined with MICP measurements. Using multivariate analysis, it was determined that the LIBS data can predict with good accuracy the longitudinal (R-2 similar to 0.84) and transverse (R-2 similar to 0.79) surface relaxivity. Analysis of the regression coefficients shows significant influence from several elements. Some of these are elements previously established to have an effect on surface relaxivity, such as iron and manganese, while others are not commonly associated with surface relaxivity, such as cobalt and titanium. Furthermore, LIBS provides advantages compared to current methods to calibrate surface relaxivity in terms of speed, portability, and sample size requirements. While this paper focuses on geological samples, the method could potentially be expanded to other types of porous materials. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area:

Geology ; Industry

Material:

Sandstone

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Li I 670.78 nm Li I 670.79 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mn II 257.61 nm Mn I 403.08 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Mn II 257.61 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Co I 345.35 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Mn I 403.08 nm
Fe I 407.17 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Li I 670.78 nm
Li I 670.79 nm

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy with picosecond pulse train

Author: Lednev, V. N. ; et. al.

Journal: Laser Physics Letters (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1088/1612-202X/aa4fc0

Authors
Davydov, M. A. ; Grishin, M. Y. ; Pershin, S. M. ; Sdvizhenskii, P. A. ; Stavertiy, A. Y. ; Tretyakov, R. S.

Keywords

laser ablation; laser induced breakdown spectroscopy; picosecond pulse train ablation;ND-YAG LASER; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; Q-SWITCH; ABLATION; PLASMA; SAMPLES; STEEL; GENERATION

Abstract

Picosecond pulse train and nanosecond pulse were compared for laser ablation and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurements. A detailed study revealed that the picosecond pulse train ablation improved the quality of laser craters (symmetric crater walls and the absence of large redeposited droplets), which was explained by a smaller heat affected zone and suppression of melt splash. Greater plasma dimensions and brighter plasma emission were observed by gated imaging for picosecond pulse train compared to nanosecond pulse ablation. Increased intensity of atomic and ionic lines in gated and time integrated spectra provided better signal-to-noise ratio for picosecond pulse train sampling. Higher temperature and electron density were detected during first microsecond for the plasma induced by the picosecond pulse train. Improved shot-to-shot reproducibility for atomic/ionic line intensity in the case of picosecond pulse train LIBS was explained by more effective atomization of target material in plasma and better quality of laser craters. Improved precision and limits of detections were determined for picosecond pulse train LIBS due to better reproducibility of laser sampling and increased signal-to-noise ratio.

Area:

Crater shape ; Industry ; Plasma diagnostics

Material:

Low alloy steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 361.88 nm Fe I 362.20 nm Fe I 363.15 nm Fe I 363.83 nm Fe I 364.04 nm Fe I 364.78 nm Fe I 365.95 nm Fe I 366.95 nm Fe I 367.76 nm Fe I 367.99 nm Fe I 368.22 nm Fe I 368.75 nm Fe I 369.51 nm Fe I 370.11 nm Fe I 370.56 nm Fe I 370.92 nm Fe I 371.99 nm Fe I 372.26 nm Fe I 372.76 nm Fe I 373.49 nm Fe I 373.71 nm Fe I 374.56 nm Fe I 374.83 nm Fe I 375.82 nm Fe I 376.38 nm Fe I 376.55 nm Fe I 532.80 nm Fe I 538.34 nm Fe II 273.07 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr II 283.56 nm

Emmision lines:
Fe II 273.07 nm
Cr II 283.56 nm
Si I 288.16 nm
Fe I 361.88 nm
Fe I 362.20 nm
Fe I 363.15 nm
Fe I 363.83 nm
Fe I 364.04 nm
Fe I 364.78 nm
Fe I 365.95 nm
Fe I 366.95 nm
Fe I 367.76 nm
Fe I 367.99 nm
Fe I 368.22 nm
Fe I 368.75 nm
Fe I 369.51 nm
Fe I 370.11 nm
Fe I 370.56 nm
Fe I 370.92 nm
Fe I 371.99 nm
Fe I 372.26 nm
Fe I 372.76 nm
Fe I 373.49 nm
Fe I 373.71 nm
Fe I 374.56 nm
Fe I 374.83 nm
Fe I 375.82 nm
Fe I 376.38 nm
Fe I 376.55 nm
Fe I 532.80 nm
Fe I 538.34 nm

Simultaneous determination of La, Ce, Pr, and Nd elements in aqueous solution using surface-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Yang, X. ; et. al.

Journal: Talanta (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.094

Authors
Guo, L. B. ; Hao, Z. Q. ; Li, J. M. ; Li, X. Y. ; Lu, Y. F. ; Shen, M. ; Yi, R. X. ; Yu, H. W. ; Zeng, X. Y.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Rare earth elements; Aqueous solution; Surface-enhanced;RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; ACCURACY IMPROVEMENT; EMISSION; SAMPLES; LIBS; EXTRACTION; LIQUIDS; WATER

Abstract

Determination of rare earth elements (REEs) plays an important role in the extraction process. In this work, surface-enhanced laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy (SENLIBS) was introduced to detect REEs (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium elements) in an aqueous solution. The emission lines of La II 394.91 nm, Ce II 418.66 nm, Pr II 422.29 nm, and Nd II 406.10 nm were selected for quantitative analysis by drying the analytical samples on a Zn metal substrate surface and optimizing the experimental parameters. The results showed that the limits of detection (LoDs) for determining La, Ce, Pr, and Nd elements can reach to 0.85, 4.07, 2.97, and 10.98 mu g mL(-1), respectively, which proved that SENLIBS is a feasible method for determining REEs.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Liquid ; Rare earth ; Surface ; Zinc

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Zn II 255.80 nm

Lines [nm]:

La II 394.91 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ce II 418.66 nm

Lines [nm]:

Pr II 422.29 nm

Lines [nm]:

Nd II 406.11 nm

Emmision lines:
Zn II 255.80 nm
La II 394.91 nm
Nd II 406.11 nm
Ce II 418.66 nm
Pr II 422.29 nm

Application of activated zeolite to quantitative analysis of Pb liquid sample using commercial laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

Author: Suyanto, H. ; et. al.

Journal: 2nh International Symposium on Frontier of Applied Physics (ISFAP 2016) (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/817/1/012044

Authors
Manurung, M. ; Suharta, W. G. ; Utomo, A. P. ; Windaryoto

Keywords

Abstract

The aim of this research is to figure out an activated zeolite ability to immobilize Pb element in liquid sample. The zeolite was made into powder with size of about 400 mu m and was activated by NaOH with different concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 M. Prior to being analyzed by commercial Laser-InducedBreakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique, 0.05 gram activated zeolite of each concentration were soaked into 10 ml solution containing 100 ppm of Pb and then heated and stirred until become dry powder. The powder was then made into a pellet. After being analyzed by LIBS, activation by 1.0 M NaOH was the optimum condition for zeolite to immobilize Pb in solution. The minimum concentration of Pb in liquid sample which could be immobilized by this method was about 5.86 ppm.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Activated zeolite

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

K I 404.41 nm K I 404.72 nm

Lines [nm]:

Pb I 405.78 nm

Emmision lines:
K I 404.41 nm
K I 404.72 nm
Pb I 405.78 nm

Rapid Analysis of Platinum and Nafion Loadings Using Laser Induced BreakdownSpectroscopy

Author: Wang, Y. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of The Electrochemical Society (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1149/2.0241713jes

Authors
Wang, Z. ; Wu, J. T. ; Yu, J. L.

Keywords

ELECTROLYTE FUEL-CELL; DEPTH-RESOLVED ANALYSIS; CATHODE ELECTRODE; LAYER ELECTRODES; INDUCED PLASMA; REACTION-RATES; SPECTROMETRY; LIBS; CHINA

Abstract

Pt and Nafion are materials widely used in electrochemical devices including PEM fuel cells, flow batteries, electrolyzers, and electrochemical sensors. In PEM fuel cells, the catalyst layer consists of multiple materials including catalyst Platinum (Pt) or Pt-based alloys, carbon, and ionomer (usually Nafion). Laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising analytical tool for probing the elemental composition in a sample, offering advantages of fast, in-situ, and online analysis, minimal sample preparation requirement, and the capability of spontaneous multi-element analysis. In this paper, we present a study of probing the Pt and Nafion loadings in their mixtures with graphite carbon, respectively, using LIBS technology. Pt-carbon and Nafion-carbon samples of various material loading are prepared for the LIBS testing. Plasma plume and shadowgraphic images are presented to show plasma and associated shockwave evolution. It takes a few milliseconds for spectrum collection per laser shot. Each sample analysis contains 49 shots in the present study and takes less than 1 minute. The results show LIBS is capable of probing the Pt and Nafion loadings in the mixtures. The method is useful in rapid analysis of catalyst layer composition and examination of material loss due to degradation. (c) 2017 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Fuel cell ; Nafion ; Platinum

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Determination of Metals Present in Textile Dyes Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopyand Cross-Validation Using Inductively Coupled Plasma/Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (2017, 1614654, 2017)

Author: Rehan, K. ; et. al.

Journal: International Journal of Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications Corrigendum

DOI: 10.1155/2017/2693418

Authors
Farooq, Z. ; Humayun, M. ; Khan, M. Z. ; Mateen, A. ; Rehan, I. ; Sultana, S.

Keywords

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used for the quantitative analysis of elements present in textile dyes at ambient pressure via the fundamental mode (1064 nm) of a Nd:YAG pulsed laser. Three samples were collected for this purpose. Spectra of textile dyes were acquired using an HR spectrometer (LIBS2000+, Ocean Optics, Inc.) having an optical resolution of 0.06 nm in the spectral range of 200 to 720 nm. Toxic metals like Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn along with other elements like Al, Mg, Ca, and Na were revealed to exist in the samples. The %-age concentrations of the detected elements were measured by means of standard calibration curve method, intensities of every emission from every species, and calibration-free (CF) LIBS approach. Only Sample 3 was found to contain heavy metals like Cr, Cu, and Ni above the prescribed limit. The results using LIBS were found to be in good agreement when compared to outcomes of inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES).

Area:

Industry

Material:

Textile dye

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 336.19 nm Ca I 422.67 nm Ca I 442.54 nm Ca I 443.50 nm Ca I 445.48 nm Ca I 452.69 nm Ca I 643.91 nm Ca I 646.26 nm Ca I 649.38 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 259.96 nm Fe I 440.72 nm Fe I 441.49 nm Fe I 487.21 nm Fe I 492.05 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 285.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 309.27 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Fe I 259.96 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Al I 309.27 nm
Zn I 334.50 nm
Ca I 336.19 nm
Ni I 336.96 nm
Mn I 383.44 nm
K I 404.72 nm
Ca I 422.67 nm
Cr I 425.44 nm
Fe I 440.72 nm
Fe I 441.49 nm
Ca I 442.54 nm
Ca I 443.50 nm
Ca I 445.48 nm
Ca I 452.69 nm
Fe I 487.21 nm
Fe I 492.05 nm
Cu I 521.82 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Ca I 643.91 nm
Ca I 646.26 nm
Ca I 649.38 nm

Determination of low alloying elements concentrations in cast iron by laser induced breakdownspectroscopy based on TEA CO2 laser system

Author: Savovic, J. J. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.2298/JSC170303073S

Authors
Kuzmanovic, M. ; Momcilovic, M. ; Stoiljkovicand, M. ; Trtica, M. ; Zivkovic, S. M.

Keywords

nanosecond transversely excited atmospheric carbon dioxide laser (TEA CO2); laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; quantitative analysis; cast iron;ND-YAG LASER; INDUCED PLASMA; SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; METALLIC MATRICES; STEEL; SAMPLES; UNIVARIATE; PARAMETERS; SINGLE

Abstract

The analytical capability of laser-produced plasma for the analysis of low alloying elements in cast iron samples has been investigated. The plasma was induced by irradiation of a sample in air at atmospheric pressure using an infrared CO2 laser. Emission spectra were recorded by time-integrated spatially-resolved measurement technique. A set of ten cast iron samples in a powder or particulate form were provided by BAM (Bundesanstalt fur Material Forschung und Prufung, Deutschland), seven of which were used for calibration, and three were treated as unknowns. Linear calibration curves were obtained for copper, chromium, and nickel, with correlation coefficients above 0.99. Precision and accuracy of the LIBS method was evaluated and compared to those obtained by the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis of the same samples. Detection limits for Cu, Cr and Ni were close to those reported in the literature for other comparable iron-based alloys obtained using different LIBS systems. Analytical figures of merit of the studied LIBS system may be considered as satisfying, especially in the light of other advantages of the method, like cost effective and fast analysis with no sample preparation, and with a possibility for real-time on-site analysis.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Cast iron

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 322.58 nm Fe I 341.85 nm Fe I 356.54 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 360.53 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ni I 341.48 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 324.75 nm

Emmision lines:
Fe I 322.58 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Ni I 341.48 nm
Fe I 341.85 nm
Fe I 356.54 nm
Cr I 360.53 nm

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Applied on Liquid Films: Effects of the Sample Thickness and the Laser Energy on the Signal Intensity and Stability

Author: Lazic, V. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1155/2017/7872504

Authors
Ciaffi, M.

Keywords

QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; WASTE-WATER; SURFACE; ABLATION; DROPLET; LIBS; SUBSTRATE; SODIUM; DIESEL; OIL

Abstract

Droplets of organic liquids on aluminum substrate were probed by an Nd:YAG laser, both in a steady state and during rotation at speeds 18-150 rpm. Rotation transforms the droplet into film, which estimated thickness at high speeds was below 3 mu m and 20 mu m for diesel and peanut oil, respectively. Line intensities from the liquid (C I) and the support (Al I) material were tracked as a function of the film thickness and the laser energy. By film thinning, the line intensities from liquid sample were enhanced up to a factor 100x; simultaneously, the LIBS signal fluctuations were reduced 5-10 times with respect to the steady droplet. In certain experimental conditions, the line intensities from the support material become very weak with respect to the C I line, indicating an efficient screening of the substrate by highly excited plasma from the liquid layer. At a fixed rotation speed, there is a laser energy threshold, dependent on the liquid thickness, above which the LIBS signal becomes stable. Here, we discuss the relative processes and optimization of the experimental conditions for the LIBS measurements frome one laser shot to another.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Aluminium ; Diesel oil ; Liquid film ; Peanut oil ; Substrate

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

C I 247.86 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 256.80 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
Al I 256.80 nm

Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Titanium-Monoxide Molecular Spectroscopy in Laser-inducedPlasma

Author: Parigger, C. G. ; et. al.

Journal: 19th International Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas (APIP 2016) (2017)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1063/1.4975754

Authors
Woods, A. C.

Keywords

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy; Atomic Spectroscopy; Molecular Spectroscopy; Laser Ablation; 'lime-resolved Spectroscopy; Spectroscopy in Chemical Analysis;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; LINES; DENSITY; SPECTRA

Abstract

This article gives a brief review of experimental studies of hydrogen Balmer series emission spectra. Ongoing research aims to evaluate early plasma evolution following optical breakdown in laboratory air. Of interest is as well laser ablation of metallic titanium and characterization of plasma evolution, Emission of titanium monoxide is discussed together with modeling of diatomic spectra to infer temperature. The behavior of titanium particles in plasma draws research interests ranging from the modeling of stellar atmospheres to the enhancement of thin film production via pulsed laser deposition,

Area:

Hydrogen Balmer spectra ; Industry

Material:

Titanium

Elements:

Emmision lines:

On-line Monitoring of Nanoparticle Synthesis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Vacuum

Author: Picard, J. ; et. al.

Journal: MRS Advances (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1557/adv.2016.633

Authors
Sirven, J. B. ; Sublemontier, O.

Keywords

Abstract

We propose a new technique suitable for on-line monitoring of gas phase synthesis of nanoparticles. It is based on aerodynamic focusing of nanoparticles followed by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) under vacuum. The laser crosses a beam of particles at low pressure so that the plasma-produced photons to be analyzed are emitted only from the particles. Unlike previous experiments, the background from interaction with the gaseous component is totally eliminated from the collected spectra. Vacuum allows also for easier spectra collection in the UV range. Moreover, as the nanoparticle beam is highly collimated, the optical interface windows are not obstructed by particle deposition and the system can be kept running for hours.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Nanoparticles production

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Rapid elemental composition analysis of intermetallic ternary nanoalloys using calibration-free quantitative Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Author: Davari, S. A. ; et. al.

Journal: MRS Advances (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1557/adv.2017.303

Authors
Hu, S. ; Mukherjee, D. ; Ribeiro, E. L.

Keywords

NANOPARTICLES; AEROSOLS

Abstract

Intermetallic ternary nanoalloys (NA) have increasingly gained prominence as excellent catalysts. But, their size, morphology and chemical compositions affect their catalytic and interfacial activities significantly. In this study, we present laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for rapid quantitative elemental composition characterization of ternary NAs with different elemental ratios. Specifically, we use a calibration-free approach with LIBS to estimate the elemental ratios of PtCuCo ternary NAs with various stoichiometric ratios synthesized via our in-house laser ablation synthesis in solution-galvanic replacement reactions (LASiS-GRR) technique. The size and morphology of the samples are determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements. The LIBS quantitative estimations for the NA samples are compared with results from inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The elemental ratio results of quantitative LIBS show good agreement with ICP-OES results, while being devoid of any external standard requirements or extensive sample preparations.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Intermetallic ternary nanoalloy

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Determination of Metals Present in Textile Dyes Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopyand Cross-Validation Using Inductively Coupled Plasma/Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Author: Rehan, K. ; et. al.

Journal: International Journal of Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1155/2017/1614654

Authors
Farooq, Z. ; Humayun, M. ; Khan, M. Z. ; Mateen, A. ; Rehan, I. ; Sultana, S.

Keywords

QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; SAMPLES; LIBS; ABLATION; PLASMAS; ALLOYS; LEAD

Abstract

Area:

Industry

Material:

Textile dye

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 336.19 nm Ca I 422.67 nm Ca I 442.54 nm Ca I 443.50 nm Ca I 445.48 nm Ca I 452.69 nm Ca I 643.91 nm Ca I 646.26 nm Ca I 649.38 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 259.96 nm Fe I 440.72 nm Fe I 441.49 nm Fe I 487.21 nm Fe I 492.05 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 285.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 309.27 nm

...

Compact DPSS-laser source for LIBS analysis of steel

Author: Tortschanoff, A. ; et. al.

Journal: Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection X (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1117/12.2271297

Authors
Baumgart, M. ; Kroupa, G.

Keywords

Nd:YAG laser; DPSS laser; LIBS; steel analysis;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROMETRY; VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; CARBON DETECTION; IRON-ORE; SPECTROSCOPY; INDUSTRY

Abstract

LIBS-technology holds the potential for on-site real-time measurements of steel products. However for a mobile and robust LIBS measurement system, an adequate small and ruggedized laser source is a key-requirement. In this contribution, we present tests with our novel compact high power laser source, which, initially, was developed for ignition applications. The CTR HiPoLas (R) laser is a robust diode pumped solid state laser with a passive Q-switch with dimensions of less than 10 cm(3). The laser generates 2.5 ns-pulses with 30 mJ at a maximum continuous repetition rate of about 30 Hz. Feasibility of LIBS experiments with the laser source was experimentally verified with steel samples. The results show that the laser with its current optical output parameters is very well suited for LIBS measurements. We believe that the miniaturized laser presented here will enable very compact and robust portable high-performance LIBS systems.

Area:

Compact laser ; Industry

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Selective Surface Sintering Using a Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy System

Author: Jull, H. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1155/2017/1478541

Authors
Ewart, P. ; Kunnemeyer, R. ; Schaare, P.

Keywords

IN-SITU ANALYSIS; ABLATION; REMOVAL; METAL; NANOSECOND; COATINGS; STEEL; MELTS

Abstract

Titanium metal injection molding allows creation of complex metal parts that are lightweight and biocompatible with reduced cost in comparison with machining titanium. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can be used to create plasma on the surface of a sample to analyze its elemental composition. Repetitive ablation on the same site has been shown to create differences from the original sample. This study investigates the potential of LIBS for selective surface sintering of injection-molded titanium metal. The temperature created throughout the LIBS process on the surface of the injection-molded titanium is high enough to fuse together the titanium particles. Using the ratio of the Ti II 282.81 nm and the C I 247.86 nm lines, the effectiveness of repetitive plasma formation to produce sintering can be monitored during the process. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy on the ablation craters confirms sintering through the reduction in carbon from 20.29 Wt.% to 2.13 Wt.%. Scanning electron microscope images confirm sintering. A conventional LIBS system, with a fixed distance, investigated laser parameters on injection-molded and injection-sintered titanium. To prove the feasibility of using this technique on a production line, a second LIBS system, with an autofocus and 3-axis translation stage, successfully sintered a sample with a nonplanar surface.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Titanium

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ti I 398.18 nm Ti II 282.81 nm Ti II 253.13 nm Ti II 264.59 nm Ti II 281.03 nm Ti II 283.22 nm Ti II 351.08 nm Ti II 352.03 nm Ti II 353.54 nm Ti II 362.48 nm Ti II 416.36 nm Ti II 433.79 nm Ti II 450.13 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 247.86 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
Ti II 253.13 nm
Ti II 264.59 nm
Ti II 281.03 nm
Ti II 282.81 nm
Ti II 283.22 nm
Ti II 351.08 nm
Ti II 352.03 nm
Ti II 353.54 nm
Ti II 362.48 nm
Ti I 398.18 nm
Ti II 416.36 nm
Ti II 433.79 nm
Ti II 450.13 nm

Remote laser drilling and sampling system for the detection of concealed explosives

Author: Wild, D. ; et. al.

Journal: Laser Technology for Defense and Security XIII (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1117/12.2263752

Authors
Holl, G. ; Pschyklenk, L. ; Theiss, C.

Keywords

Laser; detection; explosives; IED; laser drilling; TATP; sampling; LIBS;

Abstract

The detection of hazardous materials like explosives is a central issue in national security in the field of counterterrorism. One major task includes the development of new methods and sensor systems for the detection. Many existing remote or standoff methods like infrared or raman spectroscopy find their limits, if the hazardous material is concealed in an object. Imaging technologies using x-ray or terahertz radiation usually yield no information about the chemical content itself. However, the exact knowledge of the real threat potential of a suspicious object is crucial for disarming the device. A new approach deals with a laser drilling and sampling system for the use as verification detector for suspicious objects. Central part of the system is a miniaturised, diode pumped Nd:YAG laser oscillator-amplifier. The system allows drilling into most materials like metals, synthetics or textiles with bore hole diameters in the micron scale. During the drilling process, the hazardous material can be sampled for further investigation with suitable detection methods. In the reported work, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to monitor the drilling process and to classify the drilled material. Also experiments were carried out to show the system's ability to not ignite even sensitive explosives like triacetone triperoxide (TATP). The detection of concealed hazardous material is shown for different explosives using liquid chromatography and ion mobility spectrometry.

Area:

Industry ; Military

Material:

Concealed explosive

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Nanofilm-enhanced Femtosecond Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Author: Yang, F. ; et. al.

Journal: Advances in Energy Science and Equipment Engineering (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1063/1.4979739

Authors
Cao, Z. T. ; Yang, B.

Keywords

Abstract

In this study, a new approach for Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) with gold nanofilm (NF) deposited on sample surface was carried out by using femtosecond laser. Different materials including metallic sample, semiconductor sample and dielectric sample were tested. Strong emission enhancement was obtained on SiO2, ceramic and Si sample. It was found that different lines in ceramic sample had different enhancement effect, which was probably related to concentration of different substances in ceramic. The enhancement effect was found to weaken with the increase of laser fluence. Enhancement factors of about 14 for SiO2, 5 for ceramic and 3 for Si sample were achieved at laser fluence of 3.3 J/cm(2), which decreased to 9 for SiO2, 3 for ceramic and 1.5 for Si sample at laser fluence of 8.8 J/cm(2). The mechanism of nanofilm-enhanced LIBS (NFELIBS) was localized surface plasmon resonance, which could change the dominant photon ionization process of sample.

Area:

Industry ; Nanofilm enhanced

Material:

Ceramics ; Silicon ; Slicon dioxide

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 285.21 nm Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 280.27 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 288.16 nm

Emmision lines:
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Si I 288.16 nm

Localized Normalization for Improved Calibration Curves of Manganese and Zinc in Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy

Author: Sabri, N. M. ; et. al.

Journal: International Conference on Plasma Science and Applications (ICPSA2016) (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1063/1.4978834

Authors
Ali, J. ; Haider, Z. ; Imran, M. ; Tufail, K.

Keywords

laser-induced plasma; plasma spectroscopy; zinc; manganese; gate delay; calibration curve; normalization;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; FORENSIC ANALYSIS; SELF-ABSORPTION; EMISSION; LIBS; SPECTROMETRY; ABLATION; INKS

Abstract

Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy is performed to determine the elemental compositions of manganese and zinc in potassium bromide (KBr) matrix. This work has utilized Q-switched Nd: YAG laser installed in LIBS2500plus system at fundamental wavelength. The pelletized sample were ablated in air with maximum laser energy of 650 mJ for different gate delays ranging from 0-18 mu s. The spectra of samples are obtained for five different compositions containing preferred spectral lines. The intensity of spectral line is observed at its maximum at a gate-delay 0.83 mu s and subsequently decayed exponentially with the increasing of gate delay. Maximum signal-to-background ratio of Mn and Zn were found at gate delays of 7.92 and 7.50 mu s, respectively. Initial calibration curves show bad data fitting, whereas the locally normalized intensity for both spectral lines shows enhancement since it is more linearly regressed. This study will give a better understanding in studying the plasma emission and the spectra analysis.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Manganese ; Potassium bromide ; Zinc

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Quantification of Calcium Using Localized Normalization on Laser-Induced BreakdownSpectroscopy Data

Author: Sabri, N. M. ; et. al.

Journal: International Conference on Plasma Science and Applications (ICPSA2016) (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1063/1.4978837

Authors
Abbas, Z. ; Ali, J. ; Aziz, S. ; Haider, Z. ; Tufail, K. ; Wahab, Z. A.

Keywords

laser-induced plasma breakdown; calcium; calibration curves; localized normalization;PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR-EMISSION; LIBS; AIR; TEMPERATURE; SPECTRA

Abstract

This paper focuses on localized normalization for improved calibration curves in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurements. The calibration curves have been obtained using five samples consisting of different concentrations of calcium (Ca) in potassium bromide (KBr) matrix. The work has utilized Q-switched Nd: YAG laser installed in LIBS2500plus system with fundamental wavelength and laser energy of 650 mJ. Optimization of gate delay can be obtained from signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of Ca II 315.9 and 317.9 nm. The optimum conditions are determined in which having high spectral intensity and SBR. The highest spectral lines of ionic and emission lines of Ca at gate delay of 0.83 mu s. From SBR, the optimized gate delay is at 5.42 mu s for both Ca II spectral lines. Calibration curves consist of three parts; original intensity from LIBS experimentation, normalization and localized normalization of the spectral line intensity. The R-2 values of the calibration curves plotted using locally normalized intensities of Ca I 610.3, 612.2 and 616.2 nm spectral lines are 0.96329, 0.97042, and 0.96131, respectively. The enhancement from calibration curves using the regression coefficient allows more accurate analysis in LIBS.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Calcium ; Potassium bromide

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 422.67 nm Ca I 443.57 nm Ca I 445.48 nm Ca I 610.27 nm Ca I 612.22 nm Ca I 616.22 nm Ca II 315.89 nm Ca II 317.93 nm Ca II 370.60 nm Ca II 373.69 nm

Emmision lines:
Ca II 315.89 nm
Ca II 317.93 nm
Ca II 370.60 nm
Ca II 373.69 nm
Ca I 422.67 nm
Ca I 443.57 nm
Ca I 445.48 nm
Ca I 610.27 nm
Ca I 612.22 nm
Ca I 616.22 nm

Investigation of Micro-Structured Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O-2 Cathodes by Laser-InducedBreakdown Spectroscopy

Author: Smyrek, P. ; et. al.

Journal: Laser-based Micro- and Nanoprocessing XI (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1117/12.2253894

Authors
Pfleging, W. ; Rakebrandt, J. H. ; Seifert, H. J. ; Zheng, Y.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; femtosecond laser; laser structuring; lithium-ion battery; lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide; cathode;LITHIUM ION BATTERY; ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; PERFORMANCE; ELECTRODES

Abstract

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O-2, NMC) thick film electrodes were manufactured by using the doctor-blade technique (tape-casting). Ultrafast laser-structuring was performed in order to improve the electrochemical performance. For this purpose, three-dimensional (3D) micro-structures such as free standing micropillars were generated in NMC cathodes by using femtosecond laser ablation. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) was used for post-mortem investigation of the lithium distribution of unstructured and femtosecond laser-structured NMC electrodes. For achieving a variable State-of-Health (SoH), both types of electrodes were electrochemically cycled. LIBS calibration was performed based on NMC electrodes with defined lithium amount. Those samples were produced by titration technique in a voltage window of 3.0 V - 5.0 V. Elemental mapping and elemental depth-profiling of lithium with a lateral resolution of 100 ae m were applied in order to characterize the whole electrode surface. The main goal is to develop an optimized 3D cell design with improved electrochemical properties which can be correlated to a characteristic lithium distribution along 3D micro-structures at different SoH.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Cobalt ; Electrode ; Lithium ; Manganese ; Nickel ; Oxide

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Detection of domestic detergent residues on porcelain tableware using laser inducedbreakdown spectroscopy

Author: Zhao, X. ; et. al.

Journal: RSC Advances (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04304j

Authors
Dong, D. M. ; Li, Y. ; Zhao, C. J.

Keywords

SURFACTANT SENSORS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; SYSTEM; LIBS

Abstract

Domestic detergents are widely used and the detection of detergent residues on tableware is closely related to people's health. As is known to all, it is difficult to sample and measure the residual detergent on tableware. The purpose of this paper is to explore a rapid in situ detergent residues detection method. We have using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measured the detergent on porcelain plate. Based on our previous research, we further studied the spectra of detergent in argon atmosphere, and compared them with that in air. We found the spectral characteristics of the cyanogroup (CN) were related to the air around the measuring point. It was indicated that CN could not as previously speculated be used as the LIBS detection feature of detergent. The improvement of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in argon environment was proved and we made a study of semi quantitative measurement by the peak height of 330.30 nm in argon atmosphere. An experiment measuring the detergent on tableware after washed was taken. It illustrated that the LIBS technology has promising potential applications for tableware cleaning process or food production process as a means of on-line detection.

Area:

Environment ; Industry

Material:

Porcelain

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Na I 330.24 nm Na I 330.30 nm Na I 330.24 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 247.73 nm Ca I 399.46 nm

Emmision lines:
Ca I 247.73 nm
Na I 330.24 nm
Na I 330.24 nm
Na I 330.30 nm
Ca I 399.46 nm

Design and evaluation of a new bench-top instrument for laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy

Author: Zha, F. ; et. al.

Journal: Instrumentation Science & Technology (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1080/10739149.2017.1304413

Authors
Duan, Y. X. ; Lin, Q. Y. ; Niu, G. H. ; Wang, S.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; miniature laser; nickel ore;QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; INDUCED PLASMA; LIBS; DISCRIMINATION; CONFIGURATION; STEEL; SOIL; CU

Abstract

A newly designed and developed bench-top instrument is reported for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy offering compact size and relatively low cost. A miniature laser was designed in the laboratory with a small volume and a light weight. The spectrometer was controlled using laboratory-written software. The instrument is suitable for the direct and rapid analysis of solid samples after simple pretreatment. Good stability and accuracy were achieved for quantitative analysis. The performance of the instrument was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative analyses of nickel ore for Mn, Al, Fe, Cr, Zn, Mg, Si, and Ca. The quantitative analysis showed linear calibration graphs and small relative standard deviations. The results show that the new instrument is suitable for elemental analysis.

Area:

Geology ; Industry ; Mining

Material:

Nickel ; Ore

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Elemental Detection of Arabica and Robusta Green Bean Coffee Using Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy

Author: Abdulmadjid, S. N. ; et. al.

Journal: 6th International Conference on Theoretical and Applied Physics (ICTAP) (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1063/1.4973099

Authors
Hedwig, R. ; Kurniawan, K. H. ; Meilina, H.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; CANEPHORA; ACID; TRIGONELLINE; VARIETIES; EMISSION; CAFFEINE; RATIOS

Abstract

The elemental detection of green bean of arabica and robusta coffee from Gayo Highland, Aceh-Indonesia, has been identified by using fundamental Nd-YAG Laser at 10 Torr of surrounding air gas pressure for distinguishing the characteristics of both coffees. As the preliminary study, we have detected the elements of K 766.49 nm, Na 588.9 nm, Ca 393.3 nm, CN band at 388.3 nm, N 337.13 nm and C 247.8 nm of both coffees. It is noticed that the order of elements concentration from highest to lowest are Ca>K>CN>Na>N>C for arabica and K>Ca>CN >Na>C>N for robusta. The emission intensity of K 766.49 nm is almost same for both of coffee. However, the emission intensity of Na 588.9 nm is lower in Arabica coffee. To distinguish the Arabica coffee and Robusta Coffee, we take the ratio intensity of K/C, Na/C, CN/C, and Ca/C. It is found that the ratio intensities of CN/C and Ca/C in arabica bean are significantly different with robusta bean. That ratio intensities can be used as a marker to discriminate kind of coffee. We also noted that the arabica green bean is 1.3 harder than robusta green bean. These findings prove that the technique of laser-induced plasma spectroscopy can be used to make rapid identification of elements in coffee and can potentially be applied to measure the concentration of blended coffee for the purpose of authentication.

Area:

Agriculture ; Industry ; Nutrition

Material:

Arabica ; Coffee bean ; Robusta

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 285.21 nm Mg II 279.55 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

K I 766.49 nm K I 769.90 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ca II 393.37 nm Ca II 396.85 nm

Lines [nm]:

C I 247.86 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 247.86 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Ca II 396.85 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
K I 766.49 nm
K I 769.90 nm

Detection and Analytical Capabilities for Trace Level of Carbon in High-Purity Metals by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy with a Frequency Quintupled 213nm Nd:YAG Laser

Author: Ohata, M. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Chemistry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1155/2017/1095183

Authors
Nakae, T.

Keywords

PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; ABLATION; STEEL; COAL

Abstract

The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with a frequency quintupled 213 nmNd:YAG laser was examined to the analysis of trace level of carbon (C) in high-purity metals and its detection and analytical capabilities were evaluated. Though C signal in a wavelength of 247.9 nm, which showed the highest sensitivity of C, could be obtained from Cd, Ti, and Zn ca. 7000 mg kg(-1) C in Fe could not be detected due to the interferences from a lot of Fe spectra. Alternative C signal in a wavelength of 193.1 nm could not be also detected from Fe due to the insufficient laser output energy of the frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser. The depth analysis of C by LIBS was also demonstrated and the C in Cd and Zn was found to be contaminated in only surface area whereas the C in Ti was distributed in bulk. From these results, the frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser, which was adopted widely as a commercial laser ablation (LA) system coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) for trace element analysis in solid materials, could be used for C analysis to achieve simultaneous measurements for both C and trace elements in metals by LIBS and LA-ICPMS, respectively.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Cadmium ; High purity ; Iron ; Titanium ; Zinc

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

C I 193.09 nm C I 247.86 nm

Emmision lines:
C I 193.09 nm
C I 247.86 nm

Laser-based investigation of the transition from droplets to nanoparticles in flame-assisted spray synthesis of functional nanoparticles

Author: Liu, C. ; et. al.

Journal: Proceedings of the Combustion Institute (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.166

Authors
Li, S. Q. ; Tse, S. D. ; Yao, Q. ; Zong, Y. C.

Keywords

Flame-assisted spray pyrolysis; Phase-selective LIBS; Transition from droplets to nanoparticles; Functional TiO2-based nanoparticle;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; AEROSOL SYNTHESIS; PARTICLES; OXIDATION; TIO2; COAGULATION; GROWTH; MODEL

Abstract

Mechanisms involved in flame-assisted-spray-pyrolysis (FASP) synthesis of TiO2-based functional nanoparticles are investigated using in situ phase-selective laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Specifically, the transition from droplets to nanoparticles is examined, as well as the particle growth process in the post flame region. In contrast to vapor-fed flame synthesis, the existence of the precursor breakdown in sprayed droplets is observed by both Ti atomic signal and Bremsstrahlung emissions. The emission signal intensity variation reveals the transition from droplets to nanoparticles, indicating that the competition between precursor vaporization and nascent particle formation is the rate determining factor. For the ensuing particle growth regime, the prediction of the particle size evolution by a polydispersed population balance model is in good agreement with TEM and laser-diagnostics results, demonstrating that the particle growth is governed by the collision-coagulation mechanism. Besides, the transition from droplets to nanoparticles can be accelerated with sufficient OH radicles provided by combustible solvents. Furthermore, doping of TiO2 with V and Zr will lead to changes in band gap of the nanoparticle observed, i.e., a distinct strengthening by 23% with V doping and a weakening by 22% with Zr doping in the intensity of Ti signal, respectively. (C) 2016 by The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Nanoparticle ; Titanium dioxide

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Modeling of alkali metal release during biomass pyrolysis

Author: Fatehi, H. ; et. al.

Journal: Proceedings of the Combustion Institute (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.079

Authors
Alden, M. ; Bai, X. S. ; Li, Z. S.

Keywords

Alkali metal release; Biomass; Pyrolysis; LIBS; In situ measurement;GAS-PHASE; COMBUSTION; CHLORINE; POTASSIUM; GASIFICATION; COAL; CL; BEHAVIOR; STRAW; WOOD

Abstract

The release of alkali metals during biomass pyrolysis was numerically and experimentally studied. The concentration of sodium and potassium in the gas phase above a biomass particle was measured; quantitative and time resolved data were acquired by means of the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS) technique. LIBS made it possible to extend the measurements of alkali metal concentration to the sooty pyrolysis stage. Data from the measurements revealed a staged release of alkali metals from biomass. Two distinct peaks of concentrations were observed, one associated with the pyrolysis stage and the other with the gasification stage. Since during the pyrolysis stage a large temperature gradient exists inside the particle, numerical simulations were carried out to explain the experimental measurements and extract the kinetic data. Using a detailed particle model, the rates of potassium and sodium release from the particle during the pyrolysis stage were attained. For sodium release the activation energy was found to be in the range of 218 to 248 kJ/mole and for potassium release it was found to be between 168 and 198 kJ/mole. Furthermore, equilibrium calculations were performed to identify the stable sodium and potassium compounds and their phases during the pyrolysis stage of the particle. (C) 2016 by The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Pine ; Wood

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Gas property measurements in a supersonic combustor using nanosecond gated laser-inducedbreakdown spectroscopy with direct spectrum matching

Author: McGann, B. ; et. al.

Journal: Proceedings of the Combustion Institute (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.089

Authors
Carter, C. D. ; Do, H. ; Hammack, S. ; Lee, T. ; Ombrello, T. M.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown; Scramjet; Cavity flameholder; Gated LIBS;REACTING FLOWS; INDUCED PLASMA; AIR; SPARK; CAVITY; MIXTURES; IGNITION; DENSITY; FLAMES; LIBS

Abstract

Gas density and fuel mole fraction in a cavity flameholder of a supersonic combustor with ethylene (C2H4) fueling are simultaneously measured using nanosecond gated (10 ns) laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (n-LIBS). Emission spectra from the laser-induced plasma over a range (550 nm-830 nm) containing multiple emission lines of O, H, N, and C are captured and used to quantify the gas conditions. A direct spectrum matching (DSM) process is employed for the gas property quantification in which an unknown spectrum is matched to a spectrum from a database, constructed through n-LIBS analysis of well-known gas conditions. A back-scattering collection method is implemented to allow for measurements using a single optical access point. Fuel mole fraction and gas density are mapped within a cavity flameholder on planes parallel to the Mach 2 freestream flow above the cavity. With C2H4 injection from the closeout ramp of the cavity toward the front step, a high fuel mole fraction region appears near the front step where density and flow velocity are low, and thus favorable for cavity flame ignition. The fuel mole fraction at a location in the cavity is found to be nearly proportional to fueling rate; the gas density, on the other hand, is not affected by the fueling rate, under the typical operating conditions. (C) 2016 by The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Ethylene fuell

Elements:

Emmision lines:

RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF WALNUT POWDER BASED ON LASER-INDUCEDBREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY

Author: Peng, J. Y. ; et. al.

Journal: Transactions of the ASABE (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.13031/trans.11553

Authors
He, Y. ; Kong, W. ; Liu, F. ; Yu, K. ; Zhang, C.

Keywords

Chemometrics; Classification; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Variety; Walnut powder;JUGLANS-REGIA L.; SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE; CLASSIFICATION; LIBS; CHEMOMETRICS; VARIABILITY; EMISSION; SAMPLE; OILS

Abstract

Rapid classification of varieties of walnut powder is important to protect consumers against potential fraud because different varieties of walnut powder vary dramatically in quality, taste, and price. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising technology for on-line application that has the advantages of no or little sample preparation, fast response (usually seconds to minutes), and remote detection capability. In this research, LIBS and multi-variable analysis methods were applied to classify varieties of walnut powder for the first time. Before LIBS analysis, a fairly flat surface was provided to reduce fluctuation, and no other sample preparation was needed. After acquiring the LIBS spectra, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to make qualitative discrimination, and classification models were developed with partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine (SVM). It was shown that three origins as well as different varieties from the same origin could be differentiated successfully by LIBS and chemometrics, while the discrimination of six different varieties with a single ""global"" model was not very successful. SVM could help to handle complex LIBS dataset, which improved the classified rate. The presented results provide the first proof-of-principle data for on-line application of the LIBS technique for classification of varieties of walnut powder.

Area:

Agriculture ; Industry ; Nutrition

Material:

Powder ; Walnut

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Spatial investigation of plasma emission from laminar diffusion methanol, ethanol, and n-propanol alcohol flames using LIBS method

Author: Ghezelbash, M. ; et. al.

Journal: Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s00340-016-6615-5

Authors
Darbani, S. M. R. ; Ghasemi, A. ; Majd, A. E. ; Mousavi, S. J. ; Tehrani, M. K.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; COMBUSTION CHEMISTRY; POTASSIUM RELEASE; IDENTIFICATION; PRESSURE

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique is used to record some plasma emissions of different laminar diffusion methanol, ethanol, and n-propanol alcohol flames, to investigate the shapes, structures (i.e., reactants and products zones), kind, and quality of burning in different areas. For this purpose, molecular bands of CH, CH*, C-2, CN, and CO as well as atomic and ionic lines of C, H, N, and O are identified, simultaneously. Experimental results indicate that the CN and C-2 emissions have highest intensity in LIBS spectrum of n-propanol flame and the lowest in methanol. In addition, lowest content of CO pollution and better quality of burning process in n-propanol fuel flame toward ethanol and methanol are confirmed by comparison between their CO molecular band intensities. Moreover, variation of the signal intensity from these three flames with that from a known area of burner plate is compared. Our findings in this research advance the prior results in time-integrated LIBS combustion application and suggesting that LIBS can be used successfully with the CCD detector as a non-gated analytical tool, given its simple instrumentation needs, real-time capability applications of molecular detection in laminar diffusion flame samples, requirements.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Alcohol flame

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

N I 532.47 nm N I 742.36 nm N I 744.23 nm N I 746.83 nm N II 500.73 nm N II 517.95 nm N II 567.96 nm N II 594.17 nm

Lines [nm]:

O I 777.54 nm O I 795.22 nm O I 844.68 nm O I 882.04 nm O II 425.41 nm O II 444.82 nm

Lines [nm]:

C II 463.76 nm C II 678.39 nm C II 723.64 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr II 461.99 nm Cr II 717.94 nm

...

Emmision lines:
O II 425.41 nm
O II 444.82 nm
Cr II 461.99 nm
C II 463.76 nm
N II 500.73 nm
N II 517.95 nm
N I 532.47 nm
Co II 553.26 nm
N II 567.96 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
N II 594.17 nm
H I 656.28 nm
C II 678.39 nm
Cr II 717.94 nm
C II 723.64 nm
N I 742.36 nm
N I 744.23 nm
N I 746.83 nm
O I 777.54 nm
O I 795.22 nm
O I 844.68 nm
O I 882.04 nm

Propane decomposition and conversion into other hydrocarbons using metal target assisted laser induced plasma

Author: Moosakhani, A. ; et. al.

Journal: Physics of Plasmas (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1063/1.4973554

Authors
Mortazavi, S. Z. ; Parvin, P. ; Reyhani, A.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; Q-SWITCHED NDYAG; METHANE DECOMPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE; ELECTRON-DENSITY; DEHYDROGENATION; HYDROGEN; DISSOCIATION; TEMPERATURE; CATALYSTS

Abstract

It is shown that the propane molecules are strongly decomposed in the metal assisted laser induced plasma based on the nano-catalytic adsorption. A Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser is employed to irradiate the propane gas filled in the control chamber in the presence of the reactive metals such as Ni, Fe, Pd, and Cu in order to study the effect of catalysts during the decomposition. The catalytic targets simultaneously facilitate the plasma formation and the decomposition events leading to generate a wide distribution of the light and heavy hydrocarbon molecules, mainly due to the recombination processes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography instruments support the findings by detecting the synthetic components. Furthermore, the optical emission spectroscopy of the laser induced plasma emissions realizes the real time monitoring of the reactions taking place during each laser shot. The subsequent recombination events give rise to the generation of a variety of the hydrocarbon molecules. The dissociation rate, conversion ratio, selectivity, and yield as well as the performance factor arise mainly from the catalytic effects of the metal species. Moreover, the ablation rate of the targets of interest is taken into account as a measure of the catalytic reactivity due to the abundance of the metal species ablated from the target. This leads to assess the better performance factor for Pd among four metal catalysts of interest during propane decomposition. Finally, the molecules such as ethane and ethylene are identified as the stable abundant species created during the successive molecular recombination processes. Published by AIP Publishing.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Palladium ; Propane

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Molecular laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for elemental analysis

Author: Rother, A. S. ; et. al.

Journal: tm - Technisches Messen (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1515/teme-2016-0032

Authors
Ankerhold, G. ; Dietz, T. ; Kohns, P.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; molecular LIBS; femtosecond LIBS; chloride contamination; pitting corrosion;

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with pulsed laser excitation is a well-established method for analyzing the atomic components of an unknown sample based on their characteristic emission spectra. However, standard LIBS analysis provides insufficient results if the atoms to be measured exhibit weak elemental emission lines or if characteristic elemental spectra are disturbed by overlapping stronger lines of other elements in the sample. The analysis of the molecular emission bands arising in the plasma cooling phase seems to be a promising solution. The analysis is carried out by the observation of newly formed radicals and diatomic molecules whose strong molecular emission bands can often be found in the visible spectral region and offer a higher detection sensitivity. This generally requires a time resolved measurement of the LIBS spectra, but we show that in some cases this is not necessarily needed. As an application we present the measurement of chloride contamination in concrete that could help to estimate the repair demand of infrastructure buildings in future.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Building material

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Metal-Assisted Laser-Induced Gas Plasma for the Direct Analysis of Powder Using Pulse CO2 Laser

Author: Khumaeni, A. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Applied Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1007/s10812-017-0408-4

Authors
Kagawa, K. ; Kurniawan, K. H. ; Lie, Z. S.

Keywords

laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; TEA CO2 laser-induced gas plasma; transversely excited atmospheric CO2 laser; powder analysis;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; SAMPLES; IDENTIFICATION; ABLATION; SOILS

Abstract

Analysis of powder samples available in small quantities has been carried out using metal-assisted gas plasma by utilizing a transversely excited atmospheric (TEA) CO2 laser. The powder was homogeneously mixed with Si grease, and the mixed powder was painted on a metal subtarget. When a TEA CO2 laserwas directly focused on the metal subtarget at atmospheric pressure of He gas, a high-temperature He gas plasma was induced. It is assumed that the powder particles were vaporized to be effectively atomized and excited in the gas plasma region. This method has been employed in the rapid analyses of elements in organic and inorganic powder samples present in small quantities. Detection of trace elements of Cr and Pb has been successfully made by using the supplement powder and loam soil, respectively. The detection limits of Pb in loam soil were approximately 20 mg/kg.

Area:

Geology ; Industry

Material:

Inorganic powder ; Organic powder

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 324.75 nm Cu I 510.55 nm Cu I 515.32 nm Cu I 521.82 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 425.44 nm Cr I 427.48 nm Cr I 428.97 nm

Lines [nm]:

Zn I 328.23 nm Zn I 330.29 nm Zn I 334.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

P I 253.56 nm P I 255.49 nm

Lines [nm]:

Au I 479.26 nm

Emmision lines:
P I 253.56 nm
P I 255.49 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Zn I 328.23 nm
Zn I 330.29 nm
Zn I 334.59 nm
Cr I 425.44 nm
Cr I 427.48 nm
Cr I 428.97 nm
Au I 479.26 nm
Cu I 510.55 nm
Cu I 515.32 nm
Cu I 521.82 nm

Assessment of Tablet Surface Hardness by Laser Ablation and Its Correlation With the Erosion Tendency of Core Tablets

Author: Narang, A. S. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.08.008

Authors
Badawy, S. ; Breckenridge, L. ; Desai, D. ; Guo, H. ; Varia, S. ; Wang, J. ; Wolf, A.

Keywords

analysis; crushing strength; friability; hardness; LIBS; magnesium stearate; spectroscopy; surface; tablet; tartaric acid;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; MAGNESIUM STEARATE; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; COMPRESSION

Abstract

Surface erosion of uncoated tablets results in processing problems such as dusting and defects during coating and is governed by the strength of particle bonding on tablet surface. In this study, the correlation between dusting tendency of tablets in a coating pan with friability and laser ablation surface hardness was assessed using tablets containing different concentrations of magnesium stearate and tartaric acid. Surface erosion propensity of different batches was evaluated by assessing their dusting tendency in the coating pan. In addition, all tablets were analyzed for crushing strength, friability, modified friability test using baffles in the friability apparatus, and weight loss after laser ablation. Tablets with similar crushing strength showed differences in their surface erosion and dusting tendency when rotated in a coating pan. These differences did not correlate well with tablet crushing strength or friability but did show reasonably good correlation with mass loss after laser ablation. These results suggest that tablet surface mass loss by laser ablation can be used as a minipiloting (small-scale) tool to assess tablet surface properties during early stages of drug product development to assess the risk of potential large-scale manufacturing issues. (C) 2016 American Pharmacists Association (R). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Area:

Health ; Industry

Material:

Tablet

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Dual-pulse laser-induced spark ignition and flame propagation of a methane diffusion jet flame

Author: Wermer, L. ; et. al.

Journal: Proceedings of the Combustion Institute (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2016.07.115

Authors
Hansson, J. ; Im, S. K.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown; Ignition; Diffusion flame; Schlieren imaging;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; AIR MIXTURES; ENERGY

Abstract

An experimental investigation was performed to study the ignition and flame propagation behaviors of a methane diffusion jet flame (Re = 5500) when dual pulse laser-induced spark discharges were introduced in a mixing layer. Time intervals (dt) of 50 ns, 100 mu s, and 600 mu s between two laser pulses were tested, and the results were compared to a single pulse discharge case with the same total laser energy (60 mJ). The laser-induced breakdown was introduced to the mixing layer at 9.5 jet diameters downstream from the jet exit. The chemical delay time scale under the flow condition was approximately 350 mu s (t(cd)). The disturbances in density fields generated by laser-induced breakdowns and chemical reactions were visualized using a high-speed schlieren imaging technique. The visualization at stationary air showed that interactions between two laser-induced breakdowns increased the surface area of hot plumes, but the effects of the interactions diminished when the breakdowns were introduced in a non-reacting air jet. The effects of the flow on the hot plumes prevailed the interaction effects between two breakdowns in non-reacting air jet condition. However, when the dual pulse laser-induced spark discharges (dt = 600 mu s, dt/t(cd) = 1.71) were generated in a mixing layer of a methane jet, a rapid propagation of the flame was observed since the second breakdownenlarged the ignition kernel surfaces generated by the first breakdown. The results showed that using the dual pulse with intervals shorter than the electron lifetime scale (under 200 ns) or longer than the chemical delay time scale could be beneficial in enhancing ignition and flame propagation processes due to the increased energy deposition or hot surface area, respectively. (C) 2016 by The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Methane jet flame

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Real-Time Specific Surface Area Measurement via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Author: Washburn, K. E. ; et. al.

Journal: Energy & Fuels (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02698

Authors
Birdwell, J. E. ; Howard, J. E.

Keywords

ADSORPTION; VALIDATION; REGRESSION; SAMPLES; ARGON; SIZE

Abstract

From healthcare to cosmetics to environmental science, the specific surface area (SSA) of micro- and mesoporous materials or products can greatly affect their chemical and physical properties. SSA results are also widely used to examine source rocks in conventional and unconventional petroleum resource plays. Despite its importance, current methods to measure SSA are often cumbersome, time-consuming, or require cryogenic consumables (e.g, liquid nitrogen). These methods are not amenable to high-throughput environments, have stringent sample preparation requirements, and are not practical for use in the field. We present a new application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for rapid measurement of SSA. This study evaluates geological samples, specifically organic-rich oil shales, but the approach is expected to be applicable to many other types of materials. The method uses optical emission spectroscopy to examine laser-generated plasma and quantify the amount of argon adsorbed to a sample during an inert gas purge. The technique can accommodate a wide range of sample sizes and geometries and has the potential for field use. These advantages for SSA measurement combined with the simultaneous acquisition of composition information make this a promising new approach for characterizing geologic samples and other materials.

Area:

Geology ; Industry

Material:

Organic-rich oil shale

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ar I 796.51 nm Ar I 800.62 nm Ar I 801.48 nm Ar I 810.37 nm Ar I 811.53 nm Ar I 919.46 nm

Lines [nm]:

Li I 610.35 nm Li I 670.78 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 819.48 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 308.22 nm Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ca II 370.60 nm Ca II 393.37 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Si I 288.16 nm
Al I 308.22 nm
Ca II 370.60 nm
Mg I 389.56 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Li I 610.35 nm
H I 656.28 nm
Li I 670.78 nm
O I 777.19 nm
Ar I 796.51 nm
Ar I 800.62 nm
Ar I 801.48 nm
Ar I 810.37 nm
Ar I 811.53 nm
Na I 819.48 nm
Ar I 919.46 nm

Analysis of rocks by CSigma laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with fused glass sample preparation

Author: Aguilera, J. A. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c6ja00360e

Authors
Aragón, C.

Keywords

II SPECTRAL-LINES; ATOMIC TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES; STARK-BROADENING PARAMETERS; CALIBRATION-FREE; INDUCEDPLASMA; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; CRITICAL COMPILATION; SELF-ABSORPTION; WIDTHS; SHIFTS

Abstract

We report a validation experiment of the C sigma-LIBS method, proposed recently by our group for quantitative laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. This method is applied to determine eight elements (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti, Mn, and V) in rocks prepared as fused glass samples, having a wide range of certified concentrations. The characterization stage of the method is performed using only two standard fused glass samples prepared from mixtures of pure compounds (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and CaCO3). The average precision obtained is 3.4% for concentrations higher than 0.1 wt%. This validation suggests that the accuracy and precision of this technique, if combined with fused glass sample preparation under favourable conditions, may become as good as those produced by certification laboratories.

Area:

Geology ; Industry

Material:

Fused glass

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 363.15 nm Fe I 364.78 nm Fe I 373.49 nm Fe I 374.95 nm Fe I 376.38 nm Fe I 376.55 nm Fe I 376.72 nm Fe II 258.26 nm Fe II 258.59 nm Fe II 259.15 nm Fe II 259.28 nm Fe II 259.84 nm Fe II 259.94 nm Fe II 260.71 nm Fe II 261.19 nm Fe II 261.38 nm Fe II 261.76 nm Fe II 262.17 nm Fe II 271.18 nm Fe II 271.44 nm Fe II 271.62 nm Fe II 272.49 nm Fe II 273.07 nm Fe II 274.32 nm Fe II 275.33 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 428.30 nm Ca I 428.94 nm Ca I 429.90 nm Ca I 431.87 nm Ca II 315.89 nm Ca II 317.93 nm Ca II 370.60 nm Ca II 373.69 nm Ca II 393.37 nm Ca II 396.85 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 277.67 nm Mg I 277.83 nm Mg I 277.98 nm Mg I 278.14 nm Mg I 278.30 nm Mg II 279.08 nm Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 279.80 nm Mg II 280.27 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 220.80 nm Si I 221.09 nm Si I 221.17 nm Si I 221.67 nm Si I 221.81 nm Si I 250.69 nm Si I 251.61 nm Si I 252.41 nm Si I 252.85 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 265.25 nm Al I 266.04 nm Al I 308.22 nm Al I 309.27 nm Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Si I 220.80 nm
Si I 221.09 nm
Si I 221.17 nm
Si I 221.67 nm
Si I 221.81 nm
Si I 250.69 nm
Si I 251.61 nm
Si I 252.41 nm
Si I 252.85 nm
Fe II 258.26 nm
Fe II 258.59 nm
Fe II 259.15 nm
Fe II 259.28 nm
Mn II 259.37 nm
Fe II 259.84 nm
Fe II 259.94 nm
Mn II 260.57 nm
Fe II 260.71 nm
Fe II 261.19 nm
Fe II 261.38 nm
Fe II 261.76 nm
Fe II 262.17 nm
Al I 265.25 nm
Al I 266.04 nm
Fe II 271.18 nm
Fe II 271.44 nm
Fe II 271.62 nm
Fe II 272.49 nm
Fe II 273.07 nm
Fe II 274.32 nm
Fe II 275.33 nm
Mg I 277.67 nm
Mg I 277.83 nm
Mg I 277.98 nm
Mg I 278.14 nm
Mg I 278.30 nm
Mg II 279.08 nm
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 279.80 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
V II 289.33 nm
V II 290.88 nm
V II 292.46 nm
Mn II 293.31 nm
Mn II 293.93 nm
Mn II 294.92 nm
Al I 308.22 nm
Al I 309.27 nm
Ca II 315.89 nm
Ca II 317.93 nm
Ti II 334.19 nm
Ti II 336.12 nm
Ti II 337.28 nm
Ti II 338.03 nm
Ti II 338.38 nm
Fe I 363.15 nm
Fe I 364.78 nm
Ca II 370.60 nm
Fe I 373.49 nm
Ca II 373.69 nm
Fe I 374.95 nm
Fe I 376.38 nm
Fe I 376.55 nm
Fe I 376.72 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Ca II 396.85 nm
Ca I 428.30 nm
Ca I 428.94 nm
Ca I 429.90 nm
Ca I 431.87 nm

A novel approach for quantitative LIBS fluorine analysis using CaF emission in calcium-free samples

Author: Alvarez-Llamas, C. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/c6ja00386a

Authors
Bordel, N. ; Pisonero, J.

Keywords

INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-EMISSION; LASER; AIR; SPECTROMETRY; CHLORINE

Abstract

The determination of fluorine in solid samples using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a challenging task due to the low excitation efficiency of this element. Recently, the use of molecular CaF bands was demonstrated to improve the analytical capabilities of LIBS fluorine detection in Ca-containing samples. In this work, a novel approach has been developed to extend this methodology for fluorine quantification in calcium-free samples. In particular, the on-line nebulization of a Ca-containing solution on the surface of a fluorine containing sample has been successfully evaluated to obtain the desired CaF molecular emission. Nebulization parameters have been optimized in order to maximize the molecular emission. A linear relationship between the CaF molecular emission signal and the amount of F in the solid samples has been obtained. The calculated limit of detection for fluorine (about 50 mu g g(-1)) is in the same order of magnitude as that obtained for Ca-containing samples. This novel approach for fluorine quantification opens new ways for the analysis of halogens in solid samples.

Area:

Geology ; Industry

Material:

Copper ; Teflon

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Ca I 534.95 nm

Emmision lines:
Ca I 534.95 nm

Three-dimensional compositional mapping using double-pulse micro-laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy technique

Author: Grassi, R. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2016.11.004

Authors
Grifoni, E. ; Gufoni, S. ; Legnaioli, S. ; Lorenzetti, G. ; Macro, N. ; Menichetti, L. ; Pagnotta, S. ; Palleschi, V. ; Poggialini, F. ; Schiavo, C.

Keywords

LIBS; Microscopy; Compositional mapping; 3D analysis; DP-mu LIBS; Euro coins;PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; LIBS

Abstract

In this communication, we present the development of the first double-pulse micro-LIBS (DP-mu LIBS) instrument for three-dimensional compositional mapping of materials. The system allows for high-resolution three-dimensional scanning of materials; its advantages with respect to conventional single-pulse micro-LIBS systems are described and discussed. As a test example, we analyzed three Euro coins to show the performances of the system on homogeneous samples (20 Eurocents), heterogeneous samples (1 Euro) and layered samples (5 Eurocents). DP-LIBS cannot provide isotopic information and has, typically, limits of detection for the elements of interest much higher with respect to Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (IA-ICP-MS). However, when the isotopic information and the extreme sensitivity to trace elements is not be necessary, the results obtained show that DP-mu LIBS can be a viable alternative to LA-ICP-MS for the acquisition of high resolution threedimensional compositional maps. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Eurocoin

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 285.21 nm

Lines [nm]:

Al I 308.22 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 385.99 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ni I 361.94 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cu I 324.75 nm

...

Emmision lines:
Sn I 284.00 nm
Mg I 285.21 nm
Al I 308.22 nm
Cu I 324.75 nm
Zn I 334.50 nm
Ni I 361.94 nm
Fe I 385.99 nm

Elemental Analysis of Alloys with Picosecond Dual-Pulse LA-LIBS under Low Sample Destruction

Author: Wang, F. J. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis (2017)

Applications

DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2017)01-0236-05

Authors
Cai, Z. G. ; Li, R. H. ; Wang, Z. X. ; Zeng, X. R. ; Zhou, J. Y.

Keywords

LA-LIES; Dual-pulse; Elemental analysis; Low sample destruction;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT; LASER-ABLATION; NANOSECOND; PLASMA

Abstract

A study on elemental analysis of alloy samples under low sample destruction with dual-pulse laser-ablation laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LA-LIES) based on one picosecond Nd : YAG laser is presented. In LA-LIBS, low pulse energy 532 nm laser was used for sample ablation and high pulse energy, time - delayed 1 064 nm laser was used for re-excitation of the ablated samples to enhance atomic emissions of the laser-induced plasma and signal detection sensitivity. The influence of pulse energies of the ablation laser and excitation laser to the signal intensities was studied experimentally. I was observed that Cu 324. 75 nm line intensity in LA-LIBS was enhanced 86 times in comparison with that obtained in SP-LIES under 10 mu J pulse energy of the ablation laser and 2. 5 mJ pulse energy of the excitation laser. The diameter of the crater generated in LA-LIES was less than 10 pin. It is demonstrated the possibility of using dual-pulse LA-LIBS to realize elemental analysis of solid sample under low sample destruction. This technique is valuable for elemental analysis of precious samples and 2D elements mapping under high spatial resolution.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Alloy

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Quantitative analysis of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) ceramics by laser-induced breakdownspectroscopy (LIBS) in combination with multivariate calibration

Author: Hernandez-Garcia, R. ; et. al.

Journal: Microchemical Journal (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.07.024

Authors
Aquino, F. W. B. ; Calderon-Pinar, F. ; Durruthy-Rodriguez, M. D. ; Pereira, E. R. ; Pomares-Alfonso, M. S. ; Villanueva-Tagle, M. E.

Keywords

Laser induced breakdown spectrometry; Partial Least Squares; PZT ceramics; Calibration strategies;ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; ABSORPTION-SPECTROMETRY; CLASSIFICATION; CHEMOMETRICS

Abstract

In PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) ceramics, stoichiometric composition is closely related with physical properties and applications. Laser-induced BreakdownSpectroscopy (LIBS) have shown to be a suitable technique for analyzing many types of solid samples, usually in combination with multivariate techniques. In this study, a method for quick determination of Pb, Zr, Ti and Sr in PZT ceramics using LIBS was proposed. Spectral data is analyzed with PLS (Partial Least Squares), providing results better than Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and external calibration, when compared with previous determination of the same group of ceramics by PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission). Most of predicted individual concentrations were between 98 and 102% of the reference value for Pb, and between 90 and 110% for the rest of the elements. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Ceramics

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Zr I 468.78 nm Zr I 471.01 nm Zr I 477.23 nm Zr I 481.56 nm Zr II 274.26 nm

Lines [nm]:

Pb I 261.42 nm Pb I 280.20 nm Pb I 283.31 nm Pb I 405.78 nm Pb II 220.35 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ti I 498.17 nm Ti I 499.11 nm Ti I 499.95 nm Ti I 500.72 nm

Lines [nm]:

Sr I 460.73 nm Sr II 407.77 nm Sr II 421.55 nm

Emmision lines:
Pb II 220.35 nm
Pb I 261.42 nm
Zr II 274.26 nm
Pb I 280.20 nm
Pb I 283.31 nm
Pb I 405.78 nm
Sr II 407.77 nm
Sr II 421.55 nm
Sr I 460.73 nm
Zr I 468.78 nm
Zr I 471.01 nm
Zr I 477.23 nm
Zr I 481.56 nm
Ti I 498.17 nm
Ti I 499.11 nm
Ti I 499.95 nm
Ti I 500.72 nm

Real-Time Composition Monitoring Using Support Vector Regression of Laser-Induced Plasma for Laser Additive Manufacturing

Author: Song, L. ; et. al.

Journal: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (2017)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2016.2608318

Authors
Han, X. ; Huang, W. K. ; Mazumder, J.

Keywords

Additive manufacturing; composition monitoring; optical emission spectroscopy (OES); support vector regression (SVR);INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; METAL-DEPOSITION; MAGNESIUM ALLOY; ARC PLASMA; ELEMENTS; DEFECTS; NETWORK; SAMPLES; SYSTEM; LIBS

Abstract

Laser additive manufacturing has gained widespread adoption in recent years. However, process diagnosis and process control lag behind the progresses of other key technologies, which make the product quality control a challenging problem. This work proposes an operating parameter conditioned support vector regression (SVR) method that uses processing parameter conditioned kernel function to achieve a processing parameter independent in-situ composition prediction. Two different features of laser-induced plasma, spectral line-intensity-ratio, and both spectral line-intensity-ratio and spectral integrated intensity were used to train the SVR. Composition measurements using a calibration curve method, partial least square regression, and artificial neural networks are also performed for comparison. The results show that the SVR with both spectral line-intensity-ratio and spectral integrated intensity as inputs has the best performance due to linearly separable point clusters in the high-dimensional space. Laser power independent composition prediction is achieved and real-time composition predictions are validated. It is proved that the operating parameter conditioned SVR provides a more accurate, a more universal, and an operating parameter independent prediction. Moreover, operating parameter conditioned SVR provides a potential data-driven-based approach for real-time composition monitoring of the laser additive manufacturing process.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Alloy

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Al I 394.40 nm Al I 396.15 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ti I 398.98 nm Ti I 399.66 nm

Emmision lines:
Al I 394.40 nm
Al I 396.15 nm
Ti I 398.98 nm
Ti I 399.66 nm

Multivariate approach to the chemical mapping of uranium in sandstone-hosted uranium ores analyzed using double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Klus, J. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2016)

Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2016.08.014

Authors
Kaiser, J. ; Mikysek, P. ; Novotný, J. ; Novotný, K. ; Pořízka, P. ; Prochazka, D. ; Prochazková, P. ; Slobodník, M. ; Trojek, T.

Keywords

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy; Uranium; principal component analysis; Chemical mapping; Sandstone-hosted deposit; X-ray Fluorescence;

Abstract

The goal of this work is to provide high resolution mapping of uranium in sandstone-hosted uranium ores using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. In order to obtain chemical image with highest possible spatial resolution, LIBS system in orthogonal double pulse (DP LIBS) arrangement was employed. Owing to this experimental arrangement the spot size of 50 μm in diameter resulting in lateral resolution of 100 μm was reached. Despite the increase in signal intensity in DP LIBS modification, the detection of uranium is challenging. The main cause is the high density of uranium spectral lines, which together with broadening of LIBS spectral lines overreaches the resolution of commonly used spectrometers. It results in increased overall background radiation with only few distinguishable uranium lines. Three different approaches in the LIBS data treatment for the uranium detection were utilized: i) spectral line intensity, ii) region of apparent background and iii) multivariate data analysis. By utilizing multivariate statistical methods, a specific specimen features (in our case uranium content) were revealed by processing complete spectral information obtained from broadband echelle spectrograph. Our results are in a good agreement with conventional approaches such as line fitting and show new possibilities of processing spectral data in mapping. As a reference technique to LIBS was employed X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). The XRF chemical images used in this paper have lower resolution (approximately 1–2 mm per image point), nevertheless the elemental distribution is apparent and corresponds to presented LIBS experiments.

Area:

Geology ; Industry ; Mapping

Material:

Sandstone

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

U II 409.01 nm

Emmision lines:
U II 409.01 nm

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics for the analysis of steel: The issue of spectral outliers filtering

Author: Pořízka, P. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2016)

Fundamentals Applications Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2016.08.008

Authors
Hrdlička, A. ; Kaiser, J. ; Képeš, E. ; Klus, J. ; Novotný, J. ; Novotný, K. ; Prochazka, D.

Keywords

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, LIBS; Outlier filtering; Principal Component Analysis, PCA; Linear correlation; Total spectral intensity; Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogies, SIMCA;

Abstract

In this manuscript we highlight the necessity of outlier filtering prior the multivariate classification in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) analyses. For the purpose of classification we chose to analyse BAM steel standards that possess similar composition of major and trace elements. To assess the improvement in figures of merit we compared the performance of three outlier filtering approaches (based on Principal Component Analysis, linear correlation and total spectral intensity) already separately discussed in the LIBS literature. The truncated data set was classified using Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogies (SIMCA). Yielded results showed significant improvement in the performance of multivariate classification coupled to filtered data. The best performance was observed for the total spectral intensity filtering approach gaining the analytical figures of merit (overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity) over 98%. It is noteworthy that the results showed relatively low sensitivity and high specificity of the SIMCA algorithm regardless of the presence of outliers in the data sets. Moreover, it was shown that the variance in the data topology of training and testing data sets has a great impact on the consequent data classification.

Area:

Industry ; Outliers filtering

Material:

Steel

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Cr II 284.98 nm Cr II 313.21 nm Cr II 336.80 nm Cr I 425.44 nm Cr I 427.48 nm Cr I 428.97 nm Cr I 520.45 nm Cr I 520.60 nm Cr I 520.84 nm Cr I 540.98 nm

Lines [nm]:

Fe I 381.58 nm Fe I 382.04 nm Fe I 382.59 nm Fe I 404.58 nm Fe I 432.58 nm Fe I 438.35 nm Fe I 489.15 nm Fe I 492.05 nm Fe I 495.76 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ni I 341.48 nm Ni I 349.30 nm Ni I 351.51 nm Ni I 352.45 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mn I 403.08 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mo I 550.65 nm

Emmision lines:
Cr II 284.98 nm
Cr II 313.21 nm
Cr II 336.80 nm
Ni I 341.48 nm
Ni I 349.30 nm
Ni I 351.51 nm
Ni I 352.45 nm
Fe I 381.58 nm
Fe I 382.04 nm
Fe I 382.59 nm
Mn I 403.08 nm
Fe I 404.58 nm
Cr I 425.44 nm
Cr I 427.48 nm
Cr I 428.97 nm
Fe I 432.58 nm
Fe I 438.35 nm
Fe I 489.15 nm
Fe I 492.05 nm
Fe I 495.76 nm
Cr I 520.45 nm
Cr I 520.60 nm
Cr I 520.84 nm
Cr I 540.98 nm
Mo I 550.65 nm

Detection of visually unrecognizable braking tracks using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, a feasibility study

Author: Prochazka, D. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2016)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2016.02.013

Authors
Bilík, M. ; Brada, M. ; Bradáč, A. ; Kaiser, J. ; Klus, J. ; Novotný, J. ; Novotný, K. ; Pořízka, P. ; Prochazková, P. ; Semela, M. ; Ticová, B.

Keywords

Braking tracks; Forensic; LIBS; Tire treads; Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy;

Abstract

Identification of the position, length and mainly beginning of a braking track has proven to be essential for determination of causes of a road traffic accident. With the introduction of modern safety braking systems and assistance systems such as the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) or Electronic Stability Control (ESC), the visual identification of braking tracks that has been used up until the present is proving to be rather complicated or even impossible. This paper focuses on identification of braking tracks using a spectrochemical analysis of the road surface. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was selected as a method suitable for fast in-situ element detection. In the course of detailed observations of braking tracks it was determined that they consist of small particles of tire treads that are caught in intrusions in the road surface. As regards detection of the “dust” resulting from wear and tear of tire treads in the environment, organic zinc was selected as the identification element in the past. The content of zinc in tire treads has been seen to differ with regard to various sources and tire types; however, the arithmetic mean and modus of these values are approximately 1% by weight. For in-situ measurements of actual braking tracks a mobile LIBS device equipped with a special module was used. Several measurements were performed for 3 different cars and tire types respectively which slowed down with full braking power. Moreover, the influence of different initial speed, vehicle mass and braking track length on detected signal is discussed here.

Area:

Industry ; LOD ; Traffic

Material:

Braking track

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Zn I 328.23 nm Zn I 330.26 nm

Emmision lines:
Zn I 328.23 nm
Zn I 330.26 nm

Estimating the grade of Mg corrosion using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Pořízka, P. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2015)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/C5JA00257E

Authors
Čelko, L. ; Kaiser, J. ; Klus, J. ; Novotný, K. ; Prochazka, D. ; Ročňáková, I. ; Sládková, L. ; Spotz, Z. ; Šperka, P.

Keywords

Abstract

We present a report on the potential use of the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique for direct investigation of Mg corrosion and related optimization of the table-top LIBS system. Moreover, the preliminary study to prove the capability of this LIBS technique for the estimation of corrosion grade is given. In order to simulate the real corrosive environment, Mg samples were prepared in a constant climate chamber. We show that the corrosive layer on the sample surface significantly affects the properties of laser–matter interactions, i.e. among other parameters causing the matrix effect. Consequently, the properties and persistence of laser-induced plasmas (LIPs) and their composition, generated on such degraded surfaces, essentially differ. Collected radiation of LIP is then analysed and ratios of ionic to atomic Mg spectral lines are correlated with the grade of magnesium corrosion, i.e. content of Mg(OH)2 on the sample surface. The content of Mg(OH)2 is also correlated with plasma temperature as well as with the electron number density of LIP. Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and optical profilometry were utilized to obtain more comprehensive information about the degradation grade of high purity Mg samples.

Area:

Industry ; LOD

Material:

High purity magnesium

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Mg I 309.30 nm Mg I 309.69 nm Mg I 382.94 nm Mg I 383.23 nm Mg I 516.73 nm Mg I 517.27 nm Mg I 518.36 nm Mg I 571.11 nm Mg I 293.67 nm Mg II 293.65 nm Mg II 448.13 nm

Emmision lines:
Mg II 293.65 nm
Mg I 293.67 nm
Mg I 309.30 nm
Mg I 309.69 nm
Mg I 382.94 nm
Mg I 383.23 nm
Mg II 448.13 nm
Mg I 516.73 nm
Mg I 517.27 nm
Mg I 518.36 nm
Mg I 571.11 nm

Detection of tire tread particles using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Prochazka, D. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2015)

Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2015.03.011

Authors
Bilík, M. ; Bradáč, A. ; Kaiser, J. ; Klus, J. ; Novotný, J. ; Novotný, K. ; Pořízka, P. ; Prochazková, P. ; Semela, M. ; Ticová, B.

Keywords

LIBS; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Tire tread; Optimization ;

Abstract

The objective of this paper is a study of the potential of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for detection of tire tread particles. Tire tread particles may represent pollutants; simultaneously, it is potentially possible to exploit detection of tire tread particles for identification of optically imperceptible braking tracks at locations of road accidents. The paper describes the general composition of tire treads and selection of an element suitable for detection using the LIBS method. Subsequently, the applicable spectral line is selected considering interferences with lines of elements that might be present together with the detected particles, and optimization of measurement parameters such as incident laser energy, gate delay and gate width is performed. In order to eliminate the matrix effect, measurements were performed using 4 types of tires manufactured by 3 different producers. An adhesive tape was used as a sample carrier. The most suitable adhesive tape was selected from 5 commonly available tapes, on the basis of their respective LIBS spectra. Calibration standards, i.e. an adhesive tape with different area content of tire tread particles, were prepared for the selected tire. A calibration line was created on the basis of the aforementioned calibration standards. The linear section of this line was used for determination of the detection limit value applicable to the selected tire. Considering the insignificant influence of matrix of various types of tires, it is possible to make a simple recalculation of the detection limit value on the basis of zinc content in a specific tire.

Area:

Industry ; LOD ; Traffic

Material:

Braking track ; Tire

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Zn I 328.23 nm Zn I 330.26 nm Zn I 334.50 nm

Emmision lines:
Zn I 328.23 nm
Zn I 330.26 nm
Zn I 334.50 nm

Comparative study on fast classification of brick samples by combination of principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis using stand-off and table-top laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Author: Vítková, G. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2014)

Chemometrics

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2014.08.036

Authors
Čelko, L. ; Kaiser, J. ; Novotný, J. ; Novotný, K. ; Pořízka, P. ; Prokeš, L. ; Všianský, D.

Keywords

Stand-off LIBS; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Classification; PCA; LDA; Cultural heritage;

Abstract

Focusing on historical aspect, during archeological excavation or restoration works of buildings or different structures built from Brick it is important to determine, preferably in-situ and in real-time, the locality of Brick origin. Fast classification of Brick on the base of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra is possible using multivariate statistical methods. Combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was applied in this case. LIBS was used to classify altogether the 29 brick samples from 7 different localities. Realizing comparative study using two different LIBS setups — stand-off and table-top it is shown that stand-off LIBS has a big potential for archeological in-field measurements.

Area:

Archaeology ; Classification ; Cultural heritage ; Industry

Material:

Brick

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Algal Biomass Analysis by Laser-Based Analytical Techniques-A Review

Author: Pořízka, P. ; et. al.

Journal: Sensors (2014)

Applications Review

DOI: 10.3390/s140917725

Authors
Adam, V. ; Brada, M. ; Kaiser, J. ; Kizek, R. ; Novotný, J. ; Novotný, K. ; Petrilák, M. ; Pilát, Z. ; Prochazka, D. ; Prochazková, P. ; Samek, O. ; Sládková, L. ; Zemánek, P.

Keywords

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy; LIBS; Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma coupled with Mass Spectroscopy and Optical Emission Spectroscopy; LA-ICP-MS; LA-ICP-OES; ICP-OES; Raman spectroscopy; algae; algal biomass; biofuel; bioremediation;

Abstract

Algal biomass that is represented mainly by commercially grown algal strains has recently found many potential applications in various fields of interest. Its utilization has been found advantageous in the fields of bioremediation, biofuel production and the food industry. This paper reviews recent developments in the analysis of algal biomass with the main focus on the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and partly Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma techniques. The advantages of the selected laser-based analytical techniques are revealed and their fields of use are discussed in detail.

Area:

Environment ; Industry ; Nutrition

Material:

Algae ; Biomass

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

H I 656.28 nm H I 486.14 nm

Lines [nm]:

Na I 589.00 nm Na I 589.59 nm

Lines [nm]:

Mg II 279.55 nm Mg II 280.27 nm

Lines [nm]:

K I 766.49 nm K I 769.90 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ca II 393.37 nm Ca II 396.85 nm

Emmision lines:
Mg II 279.55 nm
Mg II 280.27 nm
Ca II 393.37 nm
Ca II 396.85 nm
H I 486.14 nm
Na I 589.00 nm
Na I 589.59 nm
H I 656.28 nm
K I 766.49 nm
K I 769.90 nm

High repetition rate laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using acousto-optically gated detection

Author: Pořízka, P. ; et. al.

Journal: Review of Scientific Instruments (2014)

Applications

DOI: 10.1063/1.4890337

Authors
Gornushkin, I. B. ; Kaiser, J. ; Klessen, B. ; Panne, U. ; Riedel, J.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Aluminium; Charge coupled devices; Magnesium; Light diffraction;

Abstract

This contribution introduces a new type of setup for fast sample analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The novel design combines a high repetition rate laser (up to 50 kHz) as excitation source and an acousto-optical modulator (AOM) as a fast switch for temporally gating the detection of the emitted light. The plasma radiation is led through the active medium of the AOM where it is diffracted on the transient ultrasonic Bragg grid. The diffractedradiation is detected by a compact Czerny-Turner spectrometer equipped with a CCD line detector. Utilizing the new combination of high repetition rate lasers and AOM gated detection, rapid measurements with total integration times of only 10 ms resulted in a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 wt.% for magnesium in aluminum alloys. This short integration time corresponds to 100 analyses/s. Temporal gating of LIP radiation results in improved LODs and consecutively higher sensitivity of the LIBS setup. Therefore, an AOM could be beneficially utilized to temporally detect plasmas induced by high repetition rate lasers. The AOM in combination with miniaturized Czerny-Turner spectrometers equipped with CCD line detectors and small footprint diode pumped solid state lasers results in temporally gateable compact LIBS setups.

Area:

Industry ; Instrumentation

Material:

Aluminium alloy

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Effect of particle size distribution in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis of mesoporous V-SiO2 catalysts

Author: Pouzar, M. ; et. al.

Journal: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (2011)

Applications

DOI: 10.1039/C1JA10167F

Authors
Čapek, L. ; Černohorský, T. ; Kaiser, J. ; Kaski, S. ; Knotek, P. ; Kratochvíl, T.

Keywords

Abstract

In this paper, the effect of particle size on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis of mesoporous V–SiO2 catalyst samples was investigated. The measurements were realized on three LIBS devices with different parameters. Concentrations of V in samples used for LIBS experiments previously determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) varied from 1.2 to 4.7 w/w%. Granulometry of silica samples was modified by two grinding methods (conventional vibration mill and cryogenic mill) and three sets of samples with different particle size distributions were obtained. Ground samples were then deposited in the form of a thin layer on the adhesive tape and analysed by LIBS. Curves describing the relationship between the vanadium concentration and the corresponding intensity of LIBS signal (C–I curves) were constructed for all three groups of samples, with different granulometry profiles measured with three different LIBS devices. The C–I curves for samples with narrow particle size distribution showed the highest values of slopes. Detection limits achieved were in the range 0.063–0.012% (w/w). The best LOD values were obtained for samples with the lowest mean particle size.

Area:

Industry

Material:

Catalyst ; Mesoporous ; V–SiO2

Elements:

Emmision lines:

Correlation of acoustic and optical emission signals produced at 1064 and 532 nm laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of glazed wall tiles

Author: Hrdlička, A. ; et. al.

Journal: Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy (2009)

Fundamentals Applications

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2008.10.043

Authors
Čtvrtníčková, T. ; Galiová, M. ; Kaiser, J. ; Kanický, V. ; Krásenský, P. ; Malina, R. ; Novotný, K. ; Otruba, V. ; Páleníková, K. ; Zaorálková, L.

Keywords

laser induced breakdown spectroscopy; LIBS; Acoustic signal; Normalization; Internal standard; Ceramic tile; Depth profiling;

Abstract

An acoustic signal was used for the internal standardization of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of a glazed wall tile. For the LIBS analyses, 1064 nm and 532 nm wavelengths of the Nd:YAG laser were utilized. The tile was depth profiled by a single-spot ablation from the glaze into the substrate. Some lines of major elements Si(I) 252.418, Si(I) 252.851, Al(I) 257.509, Cr(I) 295.368, Al(I) 309.271 nm and Ti(II) 334.904 nm were monitored. The decrease in the optical emissions during the ablation was successfully compensated for by normalization to the square power of the acoustic signal in the interval of 290–340 nm. This approach failed for the lines between 250–270 nm. The results were the same for both lasing wavelengths despite different irradiances. The acquired profiles are in good agreement with the reference X-ray fluorescence measurement.

Area:

Acoustics ; Industry

Material:

Ceramic tile ; Glaze ; Tile

Elements:

Lines [nm]:

Al I 257.51 nm Al I 309.27 nm

Lines [nm]:

Si I 252.41 nm Si I 252.85 nm

Lines [nm]:

Ti II 394.90 nm

Lines [nm]:

Cr I 295.37 nm

Emmision lines:
Si I 252.41 nm
Si I 252.85 nm
Al I 257.51 nm
Cr I 295.37 nm
Al I 309.27 nm
Ti II 394.90 nm

Area: Industry

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